12. DERISION; as, hui! away with! Some interjections denote several different passions; thus, Vah, is used to express joy, and sorrow, and wonder, &c. Adjectives of the neuter gender are sometimes used for interjections; as, Malum! with a mischief! Infandum! O shame! fy, fy! Misărum! O wretched; Nefas! O the villany! CONJUNCTION. A conjunction is an indeclinable word, which serves to join sentences together. 66 Thus, You and I, and the boy, read Virgil, is one sentence made up of these three, by the conjunction and twice employed; I read Virgil; You read Virgil; The boy reads Virgil. In like manner, You and I read Virgil, but the boy reads Ovid," is one sentence, made up of three, by the conjunctions and and but. Conjunctions, according to their different meaning, are divided into the following classes: 1. COPULATIVE; as, et, at, atque, que, and; ĕtiam, quòque, item, also; cum, tum, both, and. Also their contraries, nec, nèque, neu, neve, neither, nor. 2. DISJUNCTIVE; as, aut, ve, vel, seu, sive, either, or. 3. CONCESSIVE; as, etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, licet, quanquam, quamvis, though, although, albeit. 4. ADVERSATIVE; as, sed, verum, autem, at, ast, atqui, but; tamen, attămen, veruntamen, verumenimvēro, yet, notwithstanding, nevertheless. 5. CAUSAL; as, nam, namque, enim, for; quia, quippe,quoniam, because; quòd, that, because. 6. ILLATIVE or RATIONAL; as, ergo, ideo, igitur, idcirco, ităque, therefore; quapropter, quocirca, wherefore; proinde, therefore, cum, quum, seeing, since; quondoquidem, forasmuch as. 7. FINAL or PERFECTIVE; as, ut, uti; that, to the end that. 8. CONDITIONAL; as, si, sin, if; dum, modo, dummodo, provided, upon condition that; siquidem, if indeed. 9. EXCEPTIVE or RESTRICTIVE; as, ni, nisi, unless, except. 10. DIMINUTIVE; as, saltem, certe, at least. 11. SUSPENSIVE or DUBITATIVE; as, an, anne, num, whether; ne, annon, whether, not; necne, or not. 12. EXPLETIVÉ; as, autem, vero, now, truly; quidem, equidem, indeed. 13. ORDINATIVE; as, deinde, thereafter; denique, finally; insuper, moreover; cæterum, moreover, but, however. 14. DECLARATIVE; as, videlicet, scilicet, nempe, nimīrum, &c. to wit, namely. Obs. 1. The same words, as they are taken in different views, are both adverbs and conjunctions. Thus, an, anne, &c. are either interrog ative adverbs; as, An scribit? Does he write? or, suspensive conjunc▾. tions; as, Nescio an scribat, I know not if he writes. Obs. 2. Some conjunctions, according to their natural order, stand first in a sentence; as, Ac, atque, nec, neque, aut, vel, sive, at, sed, verum, nam, quandoquidem, quocirca, quare, sin, siquidem, præterquam, &c.: some stand in the second place; as, Autem, vero, quoque, quidem, enim: and some may indifferently be put either first or second; as, Etiam, equidem, licet, quamvis, quanquam, tamen, attamen, namque, quod, quia, quoniam, quippe, utpote, ut, uti, ergo, ideo, igitur, idcirco, itaque, proinde, propterea, si, ni, nisi, &c. Hence arose the division of them into Prepositive, Subjunctive, and Common. To the subjunctive may be added these three, que, ve, ne, which are always joined to some other word, and are called Enclitics, because, when put after long syllables, they make the accent incline to the foregoing syllable; as in the following verse, Indoctusque pila, discive, trochive, quiescit. Horat. But when these enclitic conjunctions come after a short vowel, they do not affect its pronunciation; thus, Arbuteos fætus montanăque fraga legebant. Ovid. SENTENCES. SENTENCES. A SENTENCE is any thought of the mind expressed by two or more words put together; as, I read. The boy reads Virgil. That part of grammar which teaches to put words rightly. together in sentences, is called Syntax or Construction. Words in sentences have a twofold relation to one another ; namely, that of Concord or Agreement; and that of Government or Influence. Concord, is when one word agrees with another in some accidents; as, in gender, number, person, or case. Government, is when one word requires another to be put in a certain case, or mode. General Principles of SYNTAX. 1. In every sentence there must be a verb and a nominative. expressed or understood. 2. Every adjective must have a substantive expressed or understood. 3. All the cases of Latin nouns, exept the nominative and vocative, must be governed by some other word. 4. The genitive is governed by a substantive noun expressed or understood. 5. The dative is governed by adjectives and verbs. 6. The accusative is governed by an active verb, or by a preposition; or is placed before the infinitive. 7. The vocative stands by itself, or has an interjection join ed with it. 8. The ablative is governed by a preposition expressed or understood. 9. 10: The infinitive is governed by some verb or adjective. The genitive or possessive case in English always depends on some noun; and the objective or accusative case is put after a verb active or a preposition. Q 2 All Sentences are either SIMPLE or COM POUND. Syntax therefore may be divided into two parts, according to the general division of sentences. SIMPLE SENTENCES. A simple Sentence is that which has but one nominative, and one finite verb; that is, a verb in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative mode. In a simple sentence, there is only one Subject and one Attribute. The SUBJECT is the word which marks the person or thing spoken of. The ATTRIBUTE expresses what we affirm concerning the subject; as, The boy reads his lesson: Here, "the boy," is the Subject of discourse, or the person spoken of: "reads his lesson," is the Attribute, or what we affirm concerning the subject. The diligent boy reads his lessor carefully at home. Here we have still the same subject, "the boy," marked by the character of "diligent," added to it; and the same attribute, "reads his lesson," with the circumstances of manner and place subjoined, “carefully,” “at home.” CONCORD. The following words agree together in sentences, 1. A substantive with a substantive. 2. An adjective with a sub stantive. 3. A verb with a nominative. 1. Agreement of one Substantive with another. / RULE 1. Substantives signifying the same thing, agree in case; as, Cicero, orator, Cicero the orator; Ciceronis, oratōris, Of Cicero the crator. Urbs Athena, The city Athens; Urbis Athēnārum, Of the city Athens. 2. Agreement of an Adjective with a Substantive. II. An Adjective agrees with a Substantive, in gender, number, and case; as, Bonus vir, a good man ; Boni viri, good men. Famina casta, chaste women. Famina casta, a chaste woman; Dulce pomum, a sweet apple; And so through all the cases and degrees of comparison This rule applies also to adjectives, pronouns and participles; as, Meus liber, my book; ager colendus, a field to be tilled; Plur. Mei libri, agri colendi, &c. Obs. 1. The substantive is frequently understood, or its place supplied by an infinitive; and then the adjective is put in the neuter gender; as, triste, sc. negotium, a sad thing, Virg.; Tuum scire, the same with tua scientia, thy knowledge, Pers. We sometimes, however, find the substantive understood in the feminine; as, Non posteriores referam, sup. partes, Ter. Obs. 2. An adjective often supplies the place of a substanstantive; as, Certus amicus, a sure friend; Bona ferina, good venison; Summum bonum, the chief good: Homo being understood to amicus, caro to ferina, and negotium to bonum. A substantive is sometimes used as an adjective as, incola turba vocant, the inhabitants, Ovid Fast. 3. 582. Obs. 3. These adjectives, primus, medius, ultimus, extremus, infimus, imus, summus, supremus, reliquus, cætera, usually signify the first part, the middle part, &c. of any thing; as, Media nox, the middle part of the night; Summa arbor, the highest part of a tree. Obs. 4. In English, the adjective generally goes before the noun; as, a wise man, a good horse; unless something depend upon the adjective; as, food convenient for me; or the adjective be emphatical; as, Alexander the Great. And the article goes before the adjective; except the adjectives all, such, and many, and others subjoined to the adverbs so, as, and how; as, all the men; many a man; so good a man; as good a man; how beautiful a prospect! or when there are two or more adjectives joined to the noun; as, a man learned and religious. Obs. 5. Whether the adjective or substantive ought to be placed first in Latin, no certain rule can be given. Only if the substantive be a monosyllable, and the adjective a polysyllable, the substantive is elegantly put first; as, vir clarissimus, res præstantissima, &c. Obs. 6. A substantive in English, sometimes supplies the place of an adjective; as, sea-water, land-fowl, forest-trees, a stone-arch, &c. and even when no hyphen is marked; as, the London Chronicle, the Edinburgh Magazine. Obs. 7. Nouns of measure, number, and weight, are sometimes joined in the singular with Numeral Adjectives plural; as, fifty foot; six score; ten thousand fathom; a hundred head; an hundred weight. We say, by this means; by that means; or, by these means; by those means; or, by this mean, by that mean, as it was used anciently: So This for ty |