they cast lots in the classroom to see who should have the privilege of describing the tools and processes of a trade depicted in an engraving. Finally, the Philanthropinic plan for teaching the naturalistic religion of deism should be noted. The boys were prepared for learning of the existence of God by having their attention turned to various features and phenomena of nature and being asked what caused them. Then they were kept in the house for four or five days in a darkened room, so that they would be the more impressed with the wonders of creation when they should be released and told of the God whose handiwork it was.1 The Influence of the Philanthropinum Most visitors to the Philanthropinum were greatly pleased with the institution, especially on account of the interested and alert appearance of the pupils. Kant had such high expectations of its results as to declare in 1777 that it meant "not a slow reform, but a quick revolution," and felt that "by the plan of organization it must of itself throw off all the faults which belong to its beginning." He afterward admitted that he had been too optimistic, but he still felt that the experiment had been well worth while, and had paved the way for better things. 1 This method of religious education was first practiced by Wölke, but it had been suggested by Basedow in the Elementarwerk (Part I, pp. 87– 90). The Philanthropinum was soon closed, but similar institutions sprang up throughout Germany, and many new educational ideas arose. Although it may not have served well for older pupils, it Basedow proved temperamentally unfit to direct the despite his visionary disposition, his intemperance, arool, his irregularity of living, the reformer who first aart tempted to embody the valuable aspects of Rousseau be naturalism in the education of Germany was Basedoчeal rather than Pestalozzi, who afterward transformed it and much more successfully. lsc ve SUPPLEMENTARY READING I. SOURCES *BASEDOW, J. B. Elementarwerk and Methodenbuch. CAMPE, J. H. Robinson der Jüngere and Theorophon. SALZMANN, C. G. Conrad Kiefer. II. AUTHORITIES his ighty-two ok the of a theg of or children vec Ursu onvent necinz. *BARNARD, H. German Teachers and Educators. Pp. 488-520. his Didaktik des Comenius. the thi hi: GÖRING, H. Ausgewählte Schriften mit Basedows Biographie. au. sity 'on nd 1 of ind eer. The Philan thropinum was soon closed, but similar institutions sprang up throughout Germany, and many new educational ideas arose. an an ins in dr CHAPTER IX 'ESTALOZZI AND EDUCATION AS DEVELOPMENT THE happiest educational results of Rousseau came he rough Pestalozzi. Rousseau had shattered the eightnth-century temple of despotism, privilege, and hypocbuy, but it remained for Pestalozzi to erect a more during structure out of the ruins. It was Pestalozzi at developed the negative and inconsistent naturalism the Emile into a positive attempt to reform corrupt ciety by proper education and a new method of teach an In m: ma cas. vi The Earlier Life of Pestalozzi a But to understand the significance of the experiments, mitings, and principles of this widely beloved reformer, owe must make a brief study of his life and surroundings. dehann Heinrich Pestalozzi was born at Zürich in 1746... Phrough the death of his father, he was brought up from rerly childhood almost altogether by his mother. She dits a woman of great unselfishness and genuine piety, mad her training had a lasting influence upon his educalapnal ideals. From this experience in great measure fo:ust have come his later ideas that the home, as a center love and coöperation, should be a model for the school 1 that education should include a training of the heart d hand, as well as of the head, if the race were to be enerated. Mothers he certainly held to be the ideal rendo chers, and to them he ever directed his counsel and portations. Yet to the maternal guidance must alsc и радиот ascribed his extraordinary sensibility, imaginativeto see S, and unpracticality. k children onvent Another strong influence upon his life was that of his 'estalozzi, accordingly, abandoned his legal career. |