Owing to failing health, he resigned his chair in 1869; and died in 1872.

Dr. William R. Sanders was appointed to the chair of pathology in 1869. He had a high reputation as a physician, and a large consulting practice. He contributed a number of important papers to the Edinburgh Medical Journal; and had delivered lectures on the institutes of medicine in the extra-mural school. As professor of pathology, he introduced practical teaching, and trained the students to observe for themselves. The practical classes were instructed by Sanders' assistant, Dr. Hamilton, and the teaching of pathology in Edinburgh was raised to a higher stage. Professor Sanders died in 1881, at the age of fifty-three.

Shortly after Dr. Thomson resigned the chair of military surgery, Dr. George Ballingall was appointed professor of the subject. He was born in 1780, a son of the minister of the parish of Forglen in Banffshire. At an early age he went through the arts course at the University of St. Andrews; and subsequently studied medicine at Edinburgh, graduating as M.D. in 1803. In 1806 he entered the army as an assistant-surgeon, and saw service in India and other countries. He was at the capture of Java in 1811; and in 1815 he was with the army of occupation at Paris. He retired on half-pay in 1818, and commenced practice in Edinburgh. In 1823 he was appointed to the vacant chair of military surgery. After the accession of William IV., he received the honour of knighthood, and became Sir George Ballingall; he was surgeon to the Queen in Scotland, and had other honorary titles. He was an able professor, well informed, an excellent expositor, and a favourite with the students. He was the author of the following works :-A Treatise on Fever, Dysentery, and Liver Complaints; Introductory Lectures to a Course of Medical Surgery; and A Treatise on Military Surgery. He died in 1856. The chair of military surgery was then removed from Edinburgh.

Dr. William P. Alison was a son of the Rev. A. Alison, the author of the Essay on Taste, mentioned in a preceding chapter. He was educated in the University of Edinburgh, and was a great admirer of the writings of Dugald Stewart. He was appointed professor of the institutes of medicine in 1821; and he discharged the functions of this chair till 1842. In 1831, he published his Outlines of Physiology, and in 1833, Outlines of Physiology and Pathology. He was a successful teacher. In 1842, he was appointed to the chair of the

practice of physics, and shortly after he published his Outlines of Pathology and Practice of Medicine. He took a keen interest in the condition of the poor in Scotland; and in 1840, he published his Observations on the Management of the Poor. He advocated the introduction of a systematic poor-law act for the relief of the destitute. He was a kind, generous, and sympathetic gentleman, and devoted much of his means to charitable objects. His health failed and he resigned his chair in 1855, and died in 1859.

James Syme 22 was educated in the High School and the University of Edinburgh, and became assistant and demonstrator to Barclay, the extra-mural lecturer on anatomy. Afterwards he specially directed his attention to surgery, and studied for a year in Paris, practising surgical operations under Lisfranc. He returned to Edinburgh, and opened an extra-mural class in surgery, and his abilities and perseverence soon commanded success. In 1833, he became professor of clinical surgery in the University, and introduced a better method of instructing the students in the principles of treatment. He was a successful teacher, and attained a reputation as an operator. His chief work is his Principles of Surgery, which appeared in 1833; while he wrote upwards of two hundred papers on various points connected with his subject. He died in 1870, having held the chair for thirty-six years. His successor, Joseph Lister, introduced the antiseptic system.

Dr. Alexander Hamilton was professor of midwifery from 1780 to 1800. He was the author of several treatises on Midwifery and the Management of Female Complaints, which were translated into German. He was succeeded in the chair by his son, Dr. James Hamilton, who was a man of great energy, and an excellent professor. He had great experience and a vast store of information, thus his means for teaching were ample, and his class was well attended by students. In 1839 his work entitled Practical Observations appeared, which was recognised as an important book. He died in November 1839.

James Y. Simpson, the distinguished introducer of chloroform, was born at Bathgate, the youngest son of a small tradesman. It was resolved to give him a better education than the rest of the family. He entered the University of Edinburgh at the age of fourteen, and obtained a small bursary, attended the greater part of the arts course and the medical classes, passed the examination of the College of Surgeons in his nineteenth year, in 1830, and received his degree in

22 Born in 1799; died in 1870.

medicine in 1832. Dr. Thomson, the professor of pathology, then appointed Simpson as his assistant; and on Thomson's advice he afterwards directed special attention to midwifery. In 1838, he became a lecturer on midwifery in the extra-mural school; and in 1840, was elected professor of midwifery in the University of Edinburgh.

Simpson was in every respect a successful and enthusiastic professor, and many of those who attended his class have risen to distinction. He first tried the effect of chloroform by inhalation in 1847. Shortly afterwards operations were performed under chloroform in the Infirmary of Edinburgh; and it soon came into general use. But Dr. Duncan, in a short treatise entitled On the Mortality of Childbed, 1870, argues against its use in childbed, except in extreme or particular cases; and he struggles hard to make out a case against Simpson's view of its application in this connection, but notwithstanding a parade of statistics his arguments are not conclusive.

He obtained a large private practice, and throughout his career he was incessantly occupied. Still he sometimes worked to good purpose outside of his profession. Archæology was a favourite subject of his, and his essays and papers in this department of research are admirable specimens of workmanship and style. He was knighted in 1866, and received honorary titles from Academies and Societies from the four quarters of the globe. After a short illness, he died in 1870, having occupied the chair of midwifery for a period of thirty years. He shed new lustre on the University of Edinburgh, and conferred a blessing upon the human race.

Robert Christison was appointed Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in 1821, and he has himself recorded that he was so ashamed of his first course of lectures that he destroyed them. He held this Chair twelve years, and, in 1832, was elected to the Chair of Materia Medica. Christison became an able and successful teacher, and altogether he was a Professor in the University for fifty-five years. He died in 1882. In 1829, his valuable Treatise on Poisons appeared; his Dispensatory was published in 1842, and he prepared the last edition of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia. He is also the author of many papers on medical subjects.

There were other professors of the medical school of Edinburgh, whom I should have been happy to notice, but space is limited, and I can only add that the great reputation which this school has so long enjoyed is likely not only to continue to be maintained, but also

to rise still higher as time rolls on. The number of students in the faculty has been rising from year to year, and in the session of 1885-86 the number of matriculated students in the faculty of medicine was 1635.

In the preceding volumes some account was given of the University of Glasgow. It has passed through many vicissitudes. At the Reformation it was nearly extinguished, and after the Restoration it suffered so much for want of funds that three out of its eight Chairs had to be given up, and no relief came till after the Revolution of 1688.

At the opening of the second quarter of the eighteenth century the medical faculty of this University consisted of the following Chairs (1) Anatomy, founded in 1718, with which Botany was at first associated; (2) Practice of Medicine, revived in 1712. But even with its two Chairs several of the most distinguished physicians and surgeons of the eighteenth century received the elements of their medical instruction in this University, and they have left memorable evidence of their gratitude for the early instruction which they had there received. After maturing his medical knowledge and gaining experience, Cullen returned to Glasgow in 1744, and by the exercise of his great talents and the force of genius led to the establishment of the Chair of Chemistry, and to the creation of lectureships in several other branches of medical science; while by his noble efforts, well seconded by his colleagues, in a comparatively short time he raised the standard and established the reputation of the medical school of Glasgow. Dr. William Hunter, after a distinguished and honourable. career in London, bequeathed his museum, books, and manuscripts to his Alma Mater. In a word, from the middle of the eighteenth century the medical school of Glasgow has continued to advance.

In the present century, the following chairs in this faculty have been instituted :-(1) Natural History, in 1807; (2) Surgery, in 1815; (3) Midwifery, in 1815; (4) Botany, in 1818; (5) Materia Medica, in 1831; (6) Physiology, in 1839; (7) Forensic Medicine, in 1839; (8) Clinical Surgery, in 1874; (9) Clinical Medicine, in 1874. Thus the faculty of medicine in the University of Glasgow now consists of twelve Chairs and a Lectureship on Diseases of the Eye.

But in this great city, medical science is also successfully taught by a body of extra-mural lecturers. Those in Glasgow whose lectures have been recognised by the University Court of the University of

Glasgow, for the purpose of graduating in medicine, are twenty-six in number; and these twenty-six gentlemen lecture on all branches of medical science, and many of them are highly distinguished teachers.

Before the middle of the present century measures were taken for the removal of the University to more extended buildings, and for this purpose the lands of Gilmorehill were secured- a fine elevated space of ground in the western part of the city. The new buildings were designed by the late Sir G. Gilbert Scott; and on the 8th of October, 1868, the foundation stone of these buildings on the Gilmorehill was laid by the Prince of Wales amidst manifestations of joy and rejoicing. They were opened for the classes in 1870.23 These buildings have an imposing appearance to the eye; but the interior accommodation, and also the workmanship, are far superior to what one would imagine by simply looking at the outside of the buildings. The principal and a number of the professors have residences within the buildings; while each faculty has a special or main division of the buildings for itself, with splendid class-rooms and every other requisite of accommodation for effective teaching. The large room for holding examinations, the Senatus meeting-room, and the chapel are all that could be desired. The space of the buildings in which the large and valuable library is located has been calculated to be sufficient to hold the annually increasing number of volumes for many generations to come. The large, interesting, and valuable Hunterian Museum occupies the north side of the eastern quadrangle, and consists of two halls, the upper one being galleried; and it has been intimated that "visitors desirous of consulting in the Museum should, if possible, arrange to come between 2 and 4 P.M. Numismatists desirous of consulting the cabinet of medals should communicate with the keeper a few days before the date of their proposed visit."

The foundation-stone of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary was laid on the 18th of May, 1792,24 and it was opened for the reception of

23 The tower, however, for want of funds was not finished at first; but it was completed in 1888 by the Marquess of Bute, K. T., and is one of the highest towers in the kingdom.

24 On occasion of laying the foundation, a religious service was held in St. Andrews Church, at the close of which a hymn written for the occasion was sung, and concluded thus:

"Then let us join with heart and hand,

To raise this glory of our land,

Which shall to latest times declare,

To ease the wretched was our care,'