large space of ground. Many different appliances and machines are used in preparing the materials, and in the various operations of making and finishing the numerous varieties of goods produced. These operations all proceed on a systematic method, and evince a fine combination of mechanism.

The goods manufactured in the works consist of every variety of combs, of which great quantities are produced; and a number of other useful and fancy articles. The firm employs about 850 hands. John Stewart died on the 25th of January, 1887, and was succeeded by his eldest son, David, the present head of the firm, and ex-Lord Provost of Aberdeen.

In 1871, the number of persons employed in the manufacture of combs in Scotland was 1061, of whom 199 were females. In 1891 there were 1150 hands employed in this industry.

Concerning the important industry of the fisheries, in 1871 there were 26,267 fishermen and 1029 fisherwomen in Scotland. In 1891 there were over 30,000 persons employed in fishing.

In conclusion, the rise and progress of the coal and iron mining were narrated; the erection of ironworks and the development of iron manufactures were explained. An account was then given of the improvement of the means of communication. The progress of shipping and shipbuilding was indicated; the introduction of steam vessels, the change from wood to iron and steel shipbuilding, were explained. The manufacture of glass and the erection of earthenware works were noticed. The development of the several branches of textile manufactures were treated at length. The erection of paper works and the development of paper manufactures were described; and the progress of printing through the introduction of steampower, machinery, and stereotyping was explained. The leather trade, and the introduction of machinery in boot and shoe making were noticed; the origin and development of several new manufactures were observed. Sugar-refining, brewing, and distilling were treated; and various chemical manufactures were briefly touched on.

CHAPTER XLIX.

Architecture, and Monumental Art.

SECTION I.

Architecture.

HE aim of this chapter is similar to several of the preceding

THE

ones it is not a detailed history of architecture, but an effort to indicate briefly the changes which have taken place in the structure, and the external aspect of the chief cities of Scotland within a comparatively recent period. It will, in the first place, touch on the various kinds of stones used in building; in the second, a few brief notices of Scottish architects will be presented; and third, touch on the reconstruction of the chief cities and their present aspect.

At the outset it may be observed that, in the strata of rocks which exist in Britain, a pretty wide range of different kinds of stone are found. The quarries, both of England and Scotland, afford in abundance the well-known generic varieties of-(1) sandstone or freestone; (2) limestone; (3) granite. Marble of various colours is also found in Britain, although less common than the other classes of stones. In Scotland, marble is found in Tiree, Iona, Skye, Blairgowrie, and several other places. The early buildings and houses in this country were built of freestone, limestone, and other kinds of stones; granite was little used for building purposes till a recent period.1

1 The granite districts of England are in Cornwall and Devonshire, the Channel Islands, Mount Sorel, and in some other places. The Devon and Cornwall granite is of several varieties; at Dartmoor it has a greyish hue.

"But harder granite must be sought for than Devonshire or Cornwall produces, where the construction is of importance; for the masses in these counties are mostly in a condition of rapid disintegration and decay, which seems chiefly attributable to their containing a large portion of potass. The Naval Hospital of Plymouth is built of granite whose parts appear to have been well selected. It was erected seventy years ago, and, except in the columns of the colonnades, does not exhibit symptoms of decay. In these, on their more exposed sides, the disintegration of the felspar has commenced, and lichens have already attached their roots to some parts of the surfaces."—Gwilt's Encyclopædia of Architecture, p. 479.

The chief varieties of Scotch granite are those of Craignair and Creetown, in Kirkcudbrightshire, those of Aberdeenshire, the Isle of Mull, and other kinds. VOL. IV. 26

There is little information of the architects or builders of any branch of Scotch architecture before the eighteenth century; although in the national records the names of certain persons occasionally occur with the title of master of works, and master mason. Colin Campbell attained distinction as an architect. He designed Mereworth House, in Kent; Wanstead House, in Essex, built in 1715, which was much admired; and many other mansions. In 1725 he was appointed architect to the Prince of Wales; and in the following year he was appointed Surveyor of Works at Greenwich Hospital. He edited the first three volumes of Vitruvius Britannica, which appeared in 1713-25, and contained a considerable number of his own designs. He died in 1734.

William Adam, of Marybury, was born at Kinross in 1689. He succeeded Sir William Bruce as Surveyor of the King's works in Scotland. He carried out many important works, consisting of public buildings, bridges, and mansions. He collected and published his designs, with those of other contemporaries, under the title of Vitruvius Scoticus. He died in 1748. His son, Robert Adam, was born in 1728, and educated at the University of Edinburgh. He became a distinguished architect. His younger brother, James, was also an architect, and the two became associated in business. They designed and carried out a considerable number of great works-including the "Adelphi" in London, and many other buildings and mansions in England and Scotland. They published The Works in Architecture of R. & J. Adams, which contained among the plates, views of Sion House, Caen Wood, Luton Park House, and the Register House in Edinburgh. Robert died in 1792; and James died on the 17th of October 1794.

James Craig was born in Edinburgh, and attained some distinction as an architect. In 1767 he sent in a plan of the new streets and squares intended for the city of Edinburgh, which the Town Council with acclamation selected from other competitive plans. He died in 1795.

James Gibbs, born in Aberdeen, in 1674, attained distinction in this branch of art. He was educated at the Grammar School, and Marischal College, where he took the degree of M.A. He had a fair knowledge of mathematics, and resolved to carry it into the study of architecture.

In 1694, he went to Holland. His progress in the art seems to have been rapid, as his talents attracted the attention of the Earl of

Mar when he visited that country in 1700. This was the Earl who raised the standard of rebellion in 1715; and I am glad to state that he favoured Gibbs with his countenance, assisted him with money, gave him recommendatory letters, and advised him to travel into Italy to improve his taste and expand his views, by a study of the grand edifices of this ancient country. When, through the effects of the rebellion, the fortunes of the Erskines fell very low, Gibbs remembered the man who had aided him in his early struggles, and bequeathed a thousand pounds, all his plate, and an estate of £280 a-year to the only son of his first benefactor.

In 1700 Gibbs proceeded to Rome, and studied several years under Garralia, a sculptor and architect of some note. He carefully examined the chief buildings in Italy, ancient and modern, took notes of them for his future guidance, and made sketches of such edifices as he thought excelled in form, or such parts of them as struck his imagination, and laid them down to scale. Thus, after studying and working for ten years in Rome, he deemed himself prepared for commencing business as an architect, and appeared in London in 1710. Mar was then in the ministry, and favoured by the Queen, and as much disposed as ever to befriend Gibbs. Shortly after this an act was passed in parliament which directed that fifty new churches should be erected in London. Mar introduced Gibbs to the Commissioners under the act, and he soon obtained employment. The first building which he completed was at King's College, Cambridge; but it has been severely criticised for its small portico, and for the many little parts in its construction.

The first building which he erected in London was of such a character as could not fail to produce a strong impression in his favour. "The portico of St. Martin's Church, for utility, compact beauty, and perfect unity of construction, is yet unsurpassed in the metropolis; and though in other respects the exterior is not so excellent, being deficient in light and shade, and the steeple inclines to be heavy-yet on the whole it forms a noble work. . . The interior of the church is a perfect picture of architectural beauty and neatness of accommodation. All the parts are nicely distributed, and nothing can be added, and nothing can be taken away. It is complete in itself, and refuses the admission of any other ornament. The chief charm of the structure, nevertheless, lies in the The columns are of the Corinthian order. It was

portico.
finished in 1726.” 2

2 Lives of British Architects, by Allan Cunningham, p. 290.

His next work, the Church of St. Mary's, in the Strand, was not so successful an effort; it fails to produce an impression of simplicity or real beauty. He also built the Ratcliffe Library of Oxford. "The interior of the library is admired by men of science for the skill with which the arrangements are made, and for the art displayed in the construction of the cupola."

He erected the great quadrangle of King's College, the Royal Library, and the Senate House at Cambridge, and presented the plan of the Church of St. Nicholas to his native city. After a long painful illness from stone, he died in London in 1754.

In 1728 he published his designs in one volume, from which he realised nearly two thousand pounds from the sale of the book, and of the plates after the impression was disposed of. He bequeathed to the Ratcliffe Library five hundred valuable volumes, chiefly on subjects connected with the arts; over one hundred of them were upon architecture, and included the best works on the subject then extant. His finished works and his unemployed designs show that he had an accurate and complete knowledge of all the principles of his art; and that he was a man who felt what was good, perceived what was majestic, and skillfully used his mathemetical knowledge in giving strength and beauty to architecture.

Robert Mylne was born in Edinburgh on the 4th of January, 1734. He was descended from an old Scottish family represented by a long succession of master masons and architects. He began his career under his father, who carried on a building business. Subsequently he travelled abroad, and resided four years in Rome, studying classic architecture; and he gained two medals in the Academy of St. Luke. After returning home he was engaged on many large mansions and public works in England, including the Blackfriars Bridge in London, and Inverary Castle, the chief seat of the Argyle family in Scotland. He died in 1811.

The preceding brief notices are simply to be understood as a preliminary indication of the important functions of the architect in the evolution of civilisation. For in reality the health and the comfort of the community in a large measure depends upon the knowledge and skill of the architects; they also have it in their power to do much to improve the taste of the community; and they have contributed, in conjunction with other agencies, to improve the sanitary condition of the centres of population in a considerable degree during the past hundred years. Let us place ourselves in imagination in