nanters' Marriage" at the Royal Academy. These were followed by other pictures handling Scottish subjects. In 1846 his "Prince Charles' introduction to Flora Macdonald after the battle of Culloden" appeared; the following year "The burial of Charles I. in St. George's Chapel," and "The abdication of Mary Queen of Scots" in 1855. His pictures are numerous, and mostly of a historic description.

Alexander Backley was born in Glasgow in 1816; and began his career in art when ten years of age by cutting out figures upon paper. In 1831 he commenced to study in the Trustees' Academy, and ten years later he studied a short time at the Royal Academy in London. He attained distinction as a portrait-painter, especially in portraiture of ladies and children. His principal oil-paintings are the "Opening of Parliament" and "The Ragged School."

Sir Daniel Macnee was born in 1806 in the parish of Fintry, Stirlingshire, but when an infant his father died, and, with his mother, he removed to Glasgow. At the age of twelve he was sent to learn drawing under John Knox, with whom he studied four years. Subsequently he was engaged by Dr. James Brown to execute large anatomical drawings for illustrating popular lectures. In 1824 he began to study at the Trustees' Academy at Edinburgh in the evenings; and two years later he exhibited chalk portraits in Edinburgh. He returned to Glasgow in 1830, and painted portraits and subjects of simple peasant life. He ultimately resolved to limit his efforts to portrait-painting; and he soon attained success. Many of his portraits were exhibited in Glasgow and Edinburgh. 1876 he was elected President of the Royal Scottish Academy, and the following year he received the honour of knighthood. He then removed to Edinburgh, and continued to work assiduously. He painted rapidly, and frequently finished a head size in three sittings of about two hours each. His portraits are very numerous, and widely distributed in Scotland. He executed many portraits of ladies, some of which are remarkably good. The University of Glasgow conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. After a short illness, he died on the 17th of January, 1882.

In

John Phillip was born in Aberdeen on the 22nd of May, 1817, the son of humble parents. With very few external advantages he early manifested a genius for art, and at the age of fifteen produced pictures. Two years later he worked his way to London for the purpose of seeing the exhibition of the Royal Academy, and after a

brief stay there, which intensified his enthusiasm for art, he returned home. He continued to work in Aberdeen til 1837, when Lord Panmure lent him patronage, and he proceeded to London, and became a student in the school of the Royal Academy. In 1839 he again returned to Aberdeen, and painted portraits under local patronage, of which a number are still in the city. He removed to London in 1841, and regularly exhibited his pictures until 1851, when, owing to a severe illness, he visited Spain, where he stayed till 1856.

The influence of the new surroundings upon his active and plastic. mind soon appeared in his works, and he painted a number of pictures illustrative of life and manners, of rare excellence. The first of these, entitled, "A visit to the Gipsy quarters," and the "Perlade Triana," were exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1853, and at once elicited admiration. These were followed by other paintings of great merit and value. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1857, and a full Academician in 1859. Subsequently he exhibited two or three pictures annually at the Royal Academy in London, which readily found purchasers. In 1859 he executed for the Queen a picture representing the marriage of the Princess Royal with Prince Frederick William; which was engraved. He painted a successful picture of the House of Commons, which was also engraved.

His style is distinguished by remarkable intelligence and vigour, distinct conception, and fine perception of character. His flesh is admirable in modelling and for the healthy hue which it presents, while his colouring is rich, pure, and harmonious. He died in 1867, in his fiftieth year.

Personally, he was a man of high character and generous sentiments. It has been said that "he never put such high prices on his works as they might fairly have commanded," and it is evident that since his death the rise of the price of some of his pictures has been very great. A few instances may be given :-in 1860 his picture— "Scotch Baptism" was sold at £288 15s., in 1874 it was sold again at £1,755; in 1860 "Prison Window" was sold for £315, and in 1875 it brought £3,255; and in 1882 his picture, "A Church Porch," was sold for over £4,000. These prices are very significant.

Robert T. Ross was born in Edinburgh in 1816, and studied art at the Trustees' Academy under Sir William Allan. He painted por

traits, and subjects mostly from domestic life. member of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1869.

He was elected a
He died in 1876.

Robert Thorburn was born at Dumfries in 1718, and educated at the High School of that ancient town. At the age of fourteen he was sent to study drawing at the Trustees' Academy, under Sir William Allan, in Edinburgh. In 1836 he proceeded to London, and entered as a student at the Royal Academy. Miniature portraitpainting seemed to him the quickest way of becoming known, and he adopted that branch of the art. He first exhibited his portraits at the Royal Academy in 1837, and his success was pretty rapid. list of sitters soon numbered personages of the highest rank, including the Queen and the Prince Consort. In the latter part of his career he executed large portraits in oil and chalk. He died in 1885.

His

Joseph N. Paton was born in Dunfermline in 1823. As a painter he is original and imaginative, working chiefly in the historic region. Among the more successful of his works may be mentioned his "Dante meditating the episode of Francesca," 1852; "The Dead Lady," 1854; "The Pursuit of Pleasure," 1855; "Home-the return from the Crimea," puchased by the Prince Consort.

Erskine Nicol was born in Leith in 1825. He was intended by his parents for a commercial life, but his bent for painting was so keen that he chose rather to be apprenticed to a house-painter in Edinburgh, and occupied his leisure hours as a student of the antique at the Trustees' Academy. After completing his apprenticeship, he applied for the post of drawing-master in the Leith High School, which he obtained, and he then earnestly prosecuted his art studies. Afterwards he went to Dublin, where he remained three years, teaching and painting portraits. And it was then that he gained his insight of the every day life and characteristics of the Irish people, from which he drew a series of pictures of a descriptive cast which were much admired and widely patronised. Many of his pictures have been engraved.

Robert Herdman was born in 1829 in the parish of Rattray, Perthshire, where his father was minister. He received a liberal education, and studied art at the Trustees' Academy in Edinburgh. Among his early efforts he painted some Scriptural subjects, and a portrait of his mother. In 1855 he visited Italy, and made drawings from the paintings of the old masters in the Italian galleries. After he returned home, he exhibited at the Royal Academy a number of pictures from Italian subjects. He was elected a member of the

Royal Scottish Academy in 1863; and he contributed to the exhibitions of the Academy nearly two hundred pictures. Among the more notable of his pictures are "After the Battle," a Covenanting scene; the "Captive of Lochleven," and the "Conventicle Preacher before the Court," which is an admirably realised and well-executed work. Some of his other historic pictures are the "Conference between Mary Stuart and John Knox at Holyrood," and "Prince Charles Edward seeking shelter in the house of an adherent." He had a strong feeling for historic subjects, and he sometimes drew upon Scottish song for his characters. He was an eminent portraitpainter, executing a large number of portraits of distinguished men and ladies. Personally he was a man of fine sensibility and an amiable genius. He died suddenly on the 10th of January, 1888, in his fifty-ninth year.

George P. Chalmers was born in Montrose in 1836, where he received the rudiments of education. He studied art at the Trustees' Academy in Edinburgh, and worked carefully and assiduously, and by persistent effort he attained a fine artistic style. He was gifted with keen imaginative and realistic powers, which gave high promise of eminence. He executed a number of admirable paintings, both in portraiture and landscape, and was elected a member of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1867. But his career was suddenly terminated by an accident which resulted in his death in February, 1878, in his forty-second year.

William B. Scott, a brother of David Scott, was born in Edinburgh, and studied under Sir William Allan in the Royal Academy. He afterwards settled in London, where his pictures were exhibited at the Royal Academy for a long series of years. He was for many years director of the Newcastle Government School of Art; and gradually his reputation became widely known. He produced a series of eight large pictures, original in design and vigorously executed, illustrating the history of Northumberland, for Sir W. C. Trevelyan, Bart., to decorate Wellington Hall. This series was exhibited at the French Gallery in London in 1861. He also occasionally occupied his attention with literature, wrote and published a biography of his brother David, some pieces of poetry, and ́ several other writings. He died on the 22nd of November, 1890.

The names of Scottish painters noticed in this section forms a pretty long list, but it should be understood that it is not presented as an exhaustive one; enough, however, has been adduced to show

that the culture of painting and art had made considerable progress in Scotland during this period, and especially in the present century. It may be observed, too, that in this branch, as in many other departments, Scotsmen have contributed something to the richness of English Art; and if they have learned something from the south side of the Tweed, they have done more than repaid it.

In the last century some indications of a revival of sculpture appeared in Scotland, though little progress was made till the present century. Thomas Campbell was born in Edinburgh on the 1st of May, 1790. Originally he was a marble-cutter. Carving a chimney-piece in the house of Gilbert Innes of Stow, this gentleman was much pleased with, his intelligence and promise, and gave him means to enable him to prosecute the study of sculpture. He went to London, and attended the classes of the Royal Academy. In 1818 he proceeded to Rome where he studied for several years. He ultimately attained distinc tion, and received many commissions. He worked both in bronze and in marble, and executed many statues, and also busts. Among his works may be mentioned:-a marble statue of the Duke of Wellington, a statue of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle, and th granite statue of the fifth Duke of Gordon at Aberdeen.

Laurence Macdonald was born at Boneybrow, Findo-Gask, ia Perthshire, on the 15th of February, 1799. In the winter of 182 he studied for a short time at the Trustees' Academy in Edinburgh The same year he went to Rome, where he studied earnestly, an executed several busts. In 1826 he returned to Edinburgh, and executed busts of Professor John Wilson and George Combe, th phrenologist. He produced many busts; and in 1829 he exhibited his works in the Royal Academy, and the Royal Institution, Edin burgh. He returned to Rome in 1832, where he held a leading pos tion as a sculptor, chiefly in executing portrait busts. He execute a bust of Sir Walter Scott. He died on the 4th of March, 1878. Sir John Steel was born in Aberdeen in 1804, a son of a wood He early manifested a taste for sculpture, in which h eventually attained distinction. He settled in Edinburgh, ant executed many fine statues and busts. He died on the 15th of Sep tember, 1891.

carver.

William Brodie was born in 1815. He was a distinguished sculpto highly gifted with fine ideal and realising powers. He was a r markably quiet and unassuming man. He died in Edinburgh in 1881 His brother, Alexander Brodie, born in 1829, was also a sculptor o