his benefactor, and soothed and melted by his kindness, confided to him his whole story.

The mother of the youth was the daughter of a Scotch earl, who had married a poor laird for love. The husband, anxious to maintain his proud and noble lady in the state to which she had been accustomed, wasted his small fortune in the attempt; and at last had died, leaving her with an only son, almost pennyless. The

pride of Lady Margaret was, if possible, only increased by her depressed circumstances. She would not hear of her son entering into any kind of trade; and as his pride, which was of a very different kind to that of his mother, would not suffer him to remain a burden to his relations, he had endeavoured to obtain a place under government, the only one which his mother would suffer him to accept. It was on this errand that they had come to London, furnished with letters from one of their noble kinsmen to Sir Robert Walpole; and, fed with hopes, and tortured by disappointments, they had lingered on ever since. Many times the youth had tried to prevail on his mother to return to her own relations, but the same foolish fondness which had made her accompany him to town kept her with him; and to his real troubles was added the partly imaginary one of preventing any plebeian from gazing on the failen scion of the aristocracy in her degraded state. The remainder of the story the baker did not ask, as he easily comprehended that extreme poverty, and the dread of appearing empty-handed before his mother, had driven the young man to an act his soul abhorred; and the only difficulty that presented itself

to his imagination was how to reconcile the proud Lady Margaret

to her son's union with a baker's daughter. It was, however, at length accomplished. The baker, who had long had serious thoughts of retiring from business, resigned his shop to James; and Lady Margaret, being first introduced to Mary as the mistress of an elegant villa in the neighbourhood of London, found little difficulty in giving her consent to the marriage of her son with a beautiful heiress. Mary made as excellent a wife as she had done a daughter; and during the whole of her long and happy life she had never occasion to lament the singular penchant which her mother-in-law had so long displayed for-A FRENCH ROLL.

ANCIENT GREEK ARTS, DIET, AND MEDICINE. THE smiths of the early days of Greece worked like ours in forges; but for tools they seem to have been confined to the bellows, anvil, hammer, and pincers. They were acquainted with the art of casting metals, for thus they formed tripods and caldrons of brass. The ears or handles of the tripods were riveted on, and were wrought in various decorative shapes. They also cast gold and silver cups, and were acquainted with the art of mounting the edges of the latter with gold, and of gilding them both internally and externally. Some of these cups are described as very large, massive, and beautifully chased. Nestor is said to have had a cup of silver studded with gold. The spaces between its four handles are represented as having been occupied by four golden doves feeding on vine plants-a happy emblematic picture of love nourished by wine. To these smiths the sacrificers were indebted for the gold leaves which were usually folded round the tips of the victims' horns. The more ingenious of their class dedicated their time to the formation of ladies' trinkets, such as bracelets, armlets, necklaces, chains, rings, pendants for the ears ornamented with precious stones, collars of amber beads connected by golden links, girdles, ornaments for the hair, and golden clasps for the bosom. They executed also golden clasps for the chieftains' mantles, some of which were wrought in a curious and appropriate style.

Nor were these artisans unacquainted with methods for casting statues in metal, as appears from the descriptions of Vulcan's golden handmaids, and the golden youths which stood in the hall of Alcinous, for the purpose of holding the torches that at night

illumined the chamber. There was a statue of Minerva in her temple at Troy, before its destruction, of the same material. The mantle-clasp which Penelope presented to Ulysses on his first setting out for the war was chased with the figure of a dog holding a fawn between his feet: he gaped with eagerness over his prey, while the fawn, overcome with fatigue and fear, seemed to pant on the metal. This specimen of workmanship is said to have been

universally admired for the life which was thrown into the figures of the animals. Besides the golden doves of Nestor's cup, and the various figures on the shield of Achilles, mention is made of golden dogs which "watched" in the hall of Alcinous. All these examples prove that the art of imitating the human figure, and the figures of birds and quadrupeds in metal, had already arrived at a considerable, indeed a surprising, degree of perfection.

The story which Achilles relates to Priam, of Niobe who wept in marble, seeming to waste her heart away in brooding over the sudden destruction of her twelve children, is perhaps a solitary recognition of the sculptor's power in those early ages, over that difficult and beautiful material. But the affecting manner in which it is mentioned affords a striking testimony as to the productions of the sculptor's chisel, and those too of a high order.

The ship-builders seem to have used only brass and iron hatchets, adzes, and augers. Besides these, the house-carpenters must have had other and finer tools, though we do not find them specified. The latter used glue in forming panels for doors and wainscots. They possessed also the art of inlaying with gold, silver, and ivory, which they displayed on wainscots, couches, and precious cabinet chests. They had, however, no means for securing these chests by small locks. Portable property was, as yet, guarded only by cords, which were tied around the box that contained it; a

practice that seems to have given rise to much ingenuity in the art of knot-making. There were turners, who exhibited their skill on bed-posts, wooden drinking-cups, and other domestic utensils. There were potters, who made earthen dishes, platters, jars, bowls, and pitchers, which were baked in the sun. The Phoenicians manufactured toys for exportation, and various articles in gold, silver, brass, and ivory. Besides their skill in dyed cloths and linens, they displayed unrivalled ingenuity in most of the arts which have been enumerated particularly entitled to the epithet" elegant.'

The art of erecting wooden bridges was well known, though it does not appear to have been carried to any considerable degree of improvement. They must have been of a rude and frail description, as it was no uncommon thing to see even the best of them swept away when the rivers were flooded.

We do not recollect any description in the early literature of Greece, of meals entirely or even partially composed of fish or poultry; yet it is certain that fish diet was extensively known. We read of regular divers who went out in boats, and plunged into the sea for oysters. Other fish they caught with nets, spears, and hooks. The angler sunk his line as we do, by adding to it a small weight of lead, and he cased it above the hook with horn. There are not many domestic fowls mentioned. The eagle, the hawk, the crow, the owl, the sea-mew, and the dove, were well known. Nor were the delicious notes of the nightingale unheard during the soft summer evenings. Bees were domesticated, not less for their honey than their wax, which was used for several purposes.

It would be difficult to believe that all the commercial transactions of those times, from the sale of a ship-load of corn to that of a pound of wool, were carried on without the use of money. How could the wages of those who were called hireling servants, as distinguished from slaves, have been paid without some convenient medium? Talents and half talents of gold are often mentioned, though not in such a manner as would enable us to estimate their specific weight in metal. Frequent allusions are made to "beeves," and under circumstances which strongly favour the authority of Plutarch, who expressly says that these were coins in common use among the Athenians. They were first designed by Theseus, who, as his biographer observes, " gave his money the impression of an cx, in commemoration either of the Marathonian bull, or the Cretan general, Taurus, or for the purpose of continually remind

for the cure of wounds. These were administered through the usual medium of incantation, which, if it had the power to divert the mind of the patient from a sense of his sufferings, might, doubtless, in some cases have contributed to relieve them. very remarkable that there is scarcely any country or age in which we do not meet with impostures of this description.

APPLE-DUMPLINGS.

It is

Arithmetic was probably not practised among the early Greeks upon the refined and complicated scale which we possess. They seem, however, to have counted with facility from a unit to thousands, and to have been perfectly acquainted with the common rules of multiplying and dividing numbers. They measured distances by the foot and cubit, and knew enough of the principles of geometry to draw squares, triangles, and circles, and to strike perpendiculars. They divided the year, as we do, into four seasons. The year was denominated from the usual apparent return of the sun to the same point of the horizon, after making a complete circle round the earth, and was divided into months, which were measured by the revolutions of the moon. A sort of weekly division of the month appears to have been marked by the new appearance, the increase, the fulness, and the decline of that orb; although the more accurate division of it seems to have been into thirty days. The time of the day was estimated from the progress of the sun as it rose, approached, and attained its midway course, passed downward, and hastened to disappear from the horizon, to sleep during the night, as the poets imagined, in the bosom of the ocean.

The cloudless skies of Greece afforded its inhabitants the most favourable opportunities for observing the stars. They seem to have been particularly sensible to the heart-cheering influence of a fine night, when the moon and stars shone in all their radiance, the winds were stilled, the forests, the mountain tops, and headland heights stood revealed, and not a vapour streaked the blue and boundless firmament. The knowledge, however, of the laws by which the greater and the lesser lights were regulated, does not appear to have been as yet cultivated by the Greeks upon any settled principles. They observed, indeed, the more remarkable of those stars which are classed amongst our constellations, but they attended to nothing more than their positions in the heavens, and their periodical rising and setting. Their astronomy was never separated from the business of agriculture and navigation; it was cultivated as an object of actual experience, not of science, and, being entirely in the hands of the husbandman and mariner, it was limited to the ordinary circle of their ideas.

A few simple herbs constituted their whole store of medicine. These were often administered to the poor by some intelligent princess, whose leisure and superior sources of information enabled her to accompany them with words of consolation and advice. Plague, consumption, fever, apoplexy, and other diseases, seem to have been well known, though the temperate habits of the age, aided by attention to cleanliness, appear to have guarded the Greeks from frequent or extraordinary visitations of sickness. Their surgical skill was very limited. It was usual in treating arrow wounds to suck out the blood, immediately after the barbed weapon was cut out with a knife, lest the arrow point should have been poisoned. They then washed the wound with warm water, and inserted in it a bitter root, which is said to have had the effect of stopping the flow of blood, assuaging the pain, and drying up the part lacerated. A healing ointment was then spread over it. There were several men famous for their experience in this art, though there were none who devoted themselves to it exclusively as a profession. Great faith was reposed in the efficacy of charms

INTELLECTUALITY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. THE Rev. Cæsar Otway, of Dublin, is certainly one of the most remarkable and peculiar men of the Irish metropolis. We introduced him on a former occasion (No. 26) to the readers of the LONDON SATURDAY JOURNAL, briefly stating what he had done for Ireland, as a sketcher and describer of his native country; and we now propose to exhibit him in another character-that of a scientific lecturer. Thoroughly to understand this, our readers must have seen the man; and certainly once seen, the outline of the Irish giant will linger long in the memory. Those of our readers who may feel any anxiety on the subject, may refer to the number for October last of the DUBLIN UNIVERSITY MAGAZINE, which contains his "veritable effigy ; " and we can only add, that having had the honour and the pleasure of being intimately acquainted with him, we are glad to learn that the C. O. of former years is still hale and hearty, and still willing to gratify, instruct, and amuse, by the out-pourings of his thoughtful, witty, benevolent, and observant mind.

What we are going to give is extracted from the last number (the number for May) of the "DUBLIN UNIVERSITY MAGAZINE,” which, though it is a party periodical-that is, one which takes strong views of certain political matters-is, at the same time, able and amusing, and justly merits the title given to it by the Spectator newspaper, of being the Blackwood of Ireland.

From an introductory editorial notice, we learn that the lecture was delivered on the 27th of February last, before the Dublin Zoological Society. It thus commences :

"I am about to say what I am able on the habits and intellectuality of animals. I allude to two qualities-habits, or in other words, instinct-intellectuality, or in other words, understanding. I confine myself, in order to keep within bounds, to domestic animals. We all must allow that animals have instincts that distinguish one species from another-those of a sheep, for instance, as differing from those of a dog. Well, supposing I identify habits with instinct, should I not define what instinct is? Perhaps I am not able-I stand not here as a philosopher-but this I know, that one who has given the subject more consideration than I can, has said that no one can define properly what instinct is, until he has spent some time in the head of a brute, without being a brute himself. But the same author ventures to give what may stand for a definition, and it is this those faculties that God has implanted in animals, whereby, independent of instruction, observation, or experience, and without knowing the end in view, they are impelled to the performance of certain actions conducive to their own well-being, and the preservation of

their species.' But will those at all acquainted with animals be content with ascribing to them such a limited quality as this? Do not we find an adaptation of plans to circumstances, and an exercise of individual judgment, reflection, induction, and memory? I must insist, then, that the creature has personal and independent mental powers; and if you will not call it reason, confess that it is akin to it, and call it intellectuality.

"It is this opinion of individual capability, beyond that of mere instinct, that induces us to educate in the limited way we do our domestic animals; this induces us to caress them when they do well, and punish if disobedient; as, for instance, is there any lady here who has a pet dog? Now you fondle him, and by and by you scold him; don't you find the animal reflecting and reasoning upon your conduct? and supposing Pompey has a few minutes before done wrong, and you call him to you, and you have the leg of a chicken, which you hold out to him with your left hand, and you have your riding-whip in your right, which you hold behind your back, see how Pompey hesitates between instinct and intellectuality! Instinct tells him that a chicken's leg is a savoury bit, but intellectuality says, I have done wrong; my mistress is angry; why is the hand that used to feed me held back and hid ;-and reflection infers, I am certainly deserving of correction. I won't, then, decides the dog, go near the chicken's leg, because at the same time I will come within the range of the armed hand.

"Here the dog is certainly a better reasoner than many a puppy on two legs, who gratifies every appetite, follows every tempting evil, without memory, reflection, or foresight; and rushes upon disease, ruin, and damnation.

"Animals, then, have instinctive habits belonging to their species; they also have faculties of a higher order, in which families and individuals may excel others of the same order. I think I may show you an instance of instinct in the case of a dog, who, in spite of education and his own intellectuality, yet follows the habit of his race, by attempting in your parlour, and on a boarded floor (which it is impossible to penetrate), to hide a portion of his food that he has not appetite to finish; and you may observe him in this case using all the acts of secreting, as if he were penetrating soft ground, and could therein hide what he intended should be kept in future for his own use. An instance of that adaptation to circumstances, the work of reflection and judgment, which I would call intellectuality, came lately within my knowlege, in Erris. A considerable landed proprietor has a large tract of sandhills within the Mullet, which tract (open as it is to all the Atlantic storms) has been greatly injured by the introduction of rabbits, who, by burrowing and disturbing the bent grass, gave facilities to the wind to operate and so the sandhills were year after year changing their position and encroaching on the cultivated ground. To remedy this he determined to destroy the rabbits, and, in their place, introduce hares, that he knew, or thought he knew, would not burrow; but here he was mistaken, for the animal soon found that it must either leave the district, or change its habits, for if in a winter's night it attempted to sit in its accustomed open FORM, it would find itself buried perhaps twenty feet in the morning under the blowing sand, as under a snow-wreath. Accordingly the hares have here burrowed; they chose out a thin and high sandhill, which stands something like a solidified wave of the sea; through this puss perforates an horizontal hole from east to west, with a double opening, and seating herself at the mouth of the windward orifice, she there awaits the storm, and as fast as her hill wastes away, she draws back, ready at all times to make a start, in case the storm rages so as to carry off her hill altogether. My friend, Mr. Clibborn of the Royal Irish Academy, has furnished me with the following anecdote illustrative of a sagacity in swallows that also, in my opinion, goes beyond instinct. When resident in the city of Cincinnati, on the River Ohio, a small species of swallow, very numerous in that state, set about, in the proper season, to build their nests against the wall of a barrack near the town. Their mud edifices not proving very sightly additions to the building, the officer in command, being of course inimical to what was not bright and tight, ordered the poor swal

lows to be ejected, and so all their work was promptly demolished. They then, after much chattering, fixed on a wooden barn as the new site for their nests; and against the upright planks of this building they began to plaster their mud. But here their science was at fault; for when their nests were finished, and began to dry in the sun, there was not sufficient cohesion between the mud and the timber, and so, one hot day, their whole structure came down with a crash; and now, what was to be done?- -we shall see. It chanced that Mrs. Bullock, the wife of the famous museum collector, was then resident in an adjacent villa, that had, as is common in that warm climate, a long verandah in front, supported by wooden pillars; hither the swallows, after holding another sub-committee of building, all came in a body, for they had no time to lose, and they set about the nidification; and here, having one would think the fear of the martinet officer before their eyes, they actually contrived to make their nests ornamental, by forming circular capitals to the pillar, like the volutes of the Ionic order; and Mrs. Bullock was not a little proud of her little colony. But, alas! selfishness is not confined to the human race, and combination can be got up and brought to bear against interlopers in the feathered race, as well as amongst the most determined Billy Welters in the city of Dublin. A tribe of martins, seeing that the new colony of swallows would be likely to diminish their supply of flies, determined to slate* the swallows, and drive away the intruders that interfered with their monopoly. Now, the American martin is five times as large as a swallow, and is almost as big as a thrush. So they not only hunted the poor swallows, but also, with all their force of flight, would make a dash at their nests, and so knock them down, while yet unfinished. But here Mrs. Bullock proved a friend in need; and taking the side of the weaker, she stationed men during the day, who, with long poles, struck at the martins whenever they made a charge at the nests; and the swallows soon observing what the meaning of the friendly interference was, without at all minding the men or their poles, went on with the construction of their nests, and soon had them finished, and so hard-built, that the martins found it useless any more to batter at them. And now they begin to incubate, and the eggs are laid; but their troubles are not over, for the cruel martins, then come and, taking a dirty advantage of the poor little swallows, fasten themselves on the sides of the nests, they drive the swallows off, and then put in their beaks and break the eggs. Poor things! what was now to be done?-we shall see. For a day or so, nothing could equal the chattering and collogueing, as an Irishman would say, in the air; and then they fell to work, and constructed long necks to their respective nests, which, under Mrs. Bullock's protection, they were allowed to do in peace. By this means they effectually avoided the intrusion of the martins ; and without further molestation, brought out their young. I would ask, are not wondrously displayed here the resources of intellect, rather than fixed and unvarying characteristics of instinct?

"Dr. Arnaud d'Antilli, one day talking with the Duke de Liancourt upon the new philosophy of M. Descartes, maintained that beasts were mere machines; that they had no sort of reason to direct them; and that when they cried or made a noise, it was only one of the wheels of the clock or machine that made it. The duke, who was of a different opinion, replied, 'I have now in my kitchen two turnspits, which take their turn regularly every other day to get into the wheel; one of them not liking his appointment, hid himself on the day he should have wrought, so that his companion was forced to mount the wheel in his stead; when released, by crying and wagging his tail, he made a sign for those in attendance to follow him. He immediately conducted them to a garret. where he dislodged the idle dog, and bit him severely.'

"I assume, then, that animals, as well as men, have both intellectuality and instinct; for who will deny that man has instinctor what makes the child at once seek for sustenance from his

Billy Welter and to slate are cant phrases in Dublin, used amongst workmen who have combined to effect certain purposes, and who use violence. A Billy Welter is a ruffian, and slating is the term for assault; derived, perhaps, from knocking the hat, or tile, over the eyes of the sufferer.