The Philosophy of Training

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of an overtrained commercial spirit among the Carthaginians-
Their character by Cicero-By Livy-Their fanaticism and cruelty
-Instance by Diodorus-Influence of religious fear in deforming
the social character

........

CHAPTER III.

Greece-Native characteristics and foreign education-Patriotism
the ultimate good-Spartan education-Its misdirected energies
and hardships-Effects upon the maternal feelings-State cruelty
to boys-In the marriage of girls-Athens-Supremacy of intel-
lect over animalism-Effects of natural scenery-Gymnasia—
Music-Custom of Pythagoreans -Effects upon the Arcadians-
Philosophers and warriors practised it-Capacity of Greeks for per-
fecting every art and science-Their originality of genius-Meta-
physics and ethics-Socrates-Similarity of his doctrines to the
Gospel-First example of training in him—Incapacity of Greece
to sustain her position-Her downfall-ROME-Its infant charac-
ter-Military training-Similar to Spartan education-Inaptitude
for mental accomplishment-First desire of literature from the
Achaians-Discouraged by Cato the censor-Unlike Greece, the
animal principle predominant-Selfishness the ruling motive-
Perfection of the physical principle-Its reaction and conse-
quences..

40

CHAPTER IV.

Parallel between individual and universal education-Necessity of a
borrowed light to guide the moral powers- having no natural
desire for their own higher gratification-Heathen philosophy bene-
volent rather than beneficent-The scriptural principle-Effects
counter-worked from a want of training-Religion made an en-
gine of worldly power-The crusades-Summary, proving moral
training the chief element wanting in all previous systems-The
whole man never educated-Necessity of education being made
a scientific art-Analogy of a surgeon-Normal instruction a
modern phenomenon-Acquired only by practice...
61

CHAPTER V.

Nature of the art-Analogy of painting-Training more than teach-
ing- Nature of the latter-Analogies-Difference between a
trained and untrained master-Character of a moral trainer-Moral

nature depending upon physical, more than mental qualities—

Gratitude a natural result of physical gratification-Knowledge

of physics necessary to moral culture-Analogy-Morals affected

by the manner and antecedent feelings of the gratifier-Whole con-

duct governed by feelings-The mother in the place of God-

Love to her forms the character-Necessity of a nurse schooling

her own temper-Superiority of a mother-Difference in temper

of children-The "stubborn" child often an original character-

Eradicative influence of school

CHAPTER VI.

Origin of reform in education-Sunday schools-Bell and Lancaster

-Infant schools-Pastor Oberlin-Oral and object instruction by

Pestalozzi-Want of applying its known principles - Normal

schools necessary for rich as well as poor-Analogy of photoge-

nic drawing-Mental impressions affected by the medium through

which they pass-Danger of injury from an ignorant mode-

Difficulty of picturing out ideas-A concrete-A precocious intel-

lect-Imitation-Necessity of art to guide the conduct naturally

-Analogies-Normal school a moral daguerreotype-No provi-

sion made for training tutors to the rich, and for grammar

schools, &c.-Tutor for the Prince of Wales-Extraneous qualifi-

cations-Choice of governesses—Mental training most needed in

female education-Sound judgment conducive to a just fancy-

Affection increased from same cause-False position between

governesses and parents-Female training seminaries

CHAPTER VII.

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.........

Normal schools a modern desideratum-Influence of custom in re-

tarding improvement - Time necessary- - Analogies of special

training-A physician-A clergyman-A lawyer-A barrister-

Physical training necessary to form a technical habit-Analogies

-Preceptor for the rich not chosen from a professional fitness—

Subserviency of education to divinity and medicine.....

Principles of Glasgow Normal Seminary-Simultaneous instruction

-Sympathy of numbers-Monitorism-Mixed plan-Explana-

tory system-Division of the subject into science, art, and method

-Improved methods under the auspices of Mr. Kay Shuttleworth. 131

CHAPTER IX.

Analysis of method in Reading-Words an index to previous know-

ledge-Phonic method-Synthetic-No connexion between names

and sounds of letters-Act of memory learning by names of letters

-Useless drudgery of "learning to spell"-Instrumentary nature

of reading and speaking-Education of the senses-Ideas before

names- -Danger of mere verbal knowledge-Books a small item

of school apparatus-Articulation-Tone and emphasis-Mode of

acquiring the habit of correct articulation-Accent and emphasis

essentially the same- -Etymology Agglutinating process of

spoken language-Mode of analysing and combining a word—

Grammar Incidentally- Division into notional and relational

words-Their modifications and qualities-Doubt as to theory

preceding practice-Imitation-General remarks...................

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CHAPTER X.

....

Method of Number-Sensible ideas before reflective-Visible arith-

metic before abstract-The arithmeticon-Roman Abacus-Latter

why more used by Romans than Greeks-Size and distance of

objects - Named from parts of body-Mental arithmetic- Slate

arithmetic-Formation of Roman numerals-Science based in

reason- -Method of Writing-Observation-Education of the eye

and hand-Their mutual dependence-Analysis and synthesis of

written characters-Scientific rules by Mulhauser

Method of Geography — Inductive mode of teaching it—Natural

observation - Artificial means, maps, &c.-Extract from report

of Training School at Battersea-Method of History-Errors of

No proper books-Nature of inductive teaching in biography, an

example for the same in history-End of analysis of method .... 180

CHAPTER XII.

Nature of the subject to be educated-Analogy of sculpture-Natural
condition of man-Science of mind based on physiology-Still
obscure-His active and passive, nature-Self-training-Parental
Finfluence-Guidance of faculties-PHYSICAL TRAINING-Extract

from Chambers-Mental effects from impaired bodily organs-

From external and internal causes- -Moral effects-Selfishness

from ungratified wants-Incapacity of the instrument-View of

the bodily organs-Volition the main-spring of the machine-

Negative view of the case-Same imperfection from want of

training as derangement of the parts-Bodily suffering entailed—

Elements of health-Food-Air-Cleanliness-Exercise-Action

a design of the human frame-Instances-Nervous system-Cou-

rage Best kind of exercises-Extract from Prize Essay-Action

of the brain-Precocity-Prejudices on the subject-Combina-

tion of study with amusement...

CHAPTER XIII.