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sophy of the Human Mind," published after his death, contains a most subtle and brilliant analysis of muscular sensations, the inclusion of which, it is believed, must add substantial value to the pages of this work.

With Herbart's "Textbook of Psychology" begins scientific psychological research, in which from the intensive relations of ideas and the laws of their change it is sought to derive the possibility and necessity of applying mathematics to psychology. In Beneke's "Textbook of Psychology as Natural Science" a profound German psychologist seeks to reduce all psychical phenomena to four "fundamental processes." Drobisch, who may be regarded as one of the distinguished representatives of mathematical psychology, presents in his "Empirical Psychol→ ogy," the dynamics of ideas as the fundamental principle of explanation of psychical phenomena. Maine de Biran, whom Cousin thought the first metaphysician of the nineteenth century, has written some most instructive chapters in his "Essay upon the Foundations of Psychology," wherein he treats of voluntary effort as the primordial fact of our psychical life, analyzing it into the two distinct but inseparable elements of will and resistance of our own body, from which he derives the beginning of personality.

The revival of English associational psychology is to be found in the chapters taken from James Mill's "Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind"; but its fullest fruition appears in the laws of association reproduced at considerable length from Bain's "The Senses and the Intellect." The cardi nal feature of Spencer's "Principles of Psychology" is here presented in the evolution of mind "from an indefinite incoherent homogeneity to a definite coherent heterogeneity." The selection from Johannes Mueller's "Elements of Physiology" will render more accessible his very important account of the general laws of sensation. A fitting place is naturally given also to Lotze's theory of "local signs" as embodied in his "Outlines of Psychology."

In more recent psychology, translations from Weber's "The Sense of Touch and the Common Feeling" of his well known

Law, and from Fechner's "Elements of Psychophysics" of his "Measurement of Sensation," are indispensable contributions in the domain of psychophysics, being the experiments of the former, well described by Professor E. B. Titchener, as “the foundation stone of experimental psychology," and the interpretation of the latter as the erection in large measure of “a whole building." The Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision has been translated from Helmholtz's "Manual of Physiological Optics," which is regarded as the most important work that has yet appeared on the physiology and physics of vision. "The Fundamental Principles of a Theory of Light Sensation" by Hering will serve also to supplement those of Helmholtz, as a necessary foundation for the study of the more recent valuable contributions which have been made to this subject. From Mach's Analysis of Sensations" is reproduced his theory of space perception, preceded by an account of the self intuition of the ego, which "every student of psychology should know." Stumpf's "Tone Psychology" contains a theory of tonal fusion, written by a recognised authority in this domain. The remarkable chapter of William James entitled "The Stream of Consciousness" is taken from his introductory "Psychology." Then follows the James-Lange theory of emotions, in which a novel doctrine is set forth by both writers with unusual brilliancy of style. Most characteristic and authoritative chapters from Wundt's "Principles of Physiological Psychology" on the problem of physiological psychology, and from his "Outlines of Psychology" on volition and apperception, conclude the work.

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The outline of the selections in the preceding paragraphs traces the attempt, here made for the first time, to present historically in a single volume original texts containing fundamental theories of the classical psychologists, alike in ancient, mediaeval, and modern times. The study of psychology as pursued to-day in several important divisions might suggest the desirability of a work of recent material from these various domains. An historical volume of the character of this book was, however, deemed not only more in harmony with the other works of the author's series, but also as much more necessary for the

use of students before entering upon investigations in special fields. Whilst a chronological order has been followed in general, slight variations have made it possible to group psychologists somewhat according to their schools, and the emphasis, moreover, in the most recent period, has been placed on the selection of those important laws and theories which have already taken on a classical importance. The selections have been given with sufficient fullness, it is hoped, always to reproduce the author and subject in an intelligible and connected way. Authorities will differ concerning the choice of authors and subjects. In this matter important advice has been received from the psychologists alike of Harvard University and also of other large American Universities. Although such valuable opinion always has been carefully considered, the responsibility for the final decision naturally rests upon the editor.

Thirteen authors appear in this work in selections translated for the first time into English. To my colleague Professor Edward Kennard Rand, of the classical department of Harvard University, I am indebted for the translation from the Latin of "The essence and nature of the soul" contained in Christian Wolff's "Rational Psychology"; and to Dr. Herbert Sidney Langfeld of the Harvard Psychological Department for the translation from the German of "The measurement of sensation" in Gustav Fechner's "Elements of Psychophysics." The translations from the Greek of Gregory of Nyssa, from the Latin of Thomas Aquinas, from the French of Charles Bonnet and Maine de Biran, and from the German of Friedrich Eduard Beneke, Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch, Ernst Heinrich Weber, Heinrich von Helmholtz, Ewald Hering, Carl Stumpf, and Carl Lange in the text of H. Kurella, have been made by the author of this work. In French Professor Irving Babbitt and Dr. C. J. Ducasse, and in German Prof. W. G. Howard and Dr. J. Loewenberg of Harvard have made valuable suggestions. My thanks for permission to reprint selections of various psychologists are also due to the publishers and translators whose names will be found at the beginning of the respective chapters accompanying the titles of the works thus utilized. The book

will best attain its desired aims if its representative selections shall serve to inspire the perusal of the complete works of the classical psychologists, and if it shall aid in any measure to maintain the importance and prestige of classical psychology. BENJAMIN RAND.

EMERSON HALL, HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

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