made in God's image!! Even the Whig ministry refused to do anything to promote National Education, (if we except a small pittance they granted to Ireland,) until the very last year they were in power. "They refused, by postponement, the opportunity of making an excellent beginning in establishing District Schools of Industry in connexion with the New Unions, in place of the schools now held in the Workhouses, under the most contaminating influences. A carefully digested plan for thus commencing the work of education, with at least 100,000 children of the lowest classes, and to which there would have been no serious opposition, was laid aside. Finally a Board of Education was appointed for England, but not a Board independent of party, like that created for Ireland, ten years before, by Lord Stanley, but a political Educational Board, changing with every change in the cabinet."

With what consistency can a government which has for centuries thus neglected the education of its people, talk about their not being intelligent enough to be qualified for the elective franchise! How happens it they are not? And how long will the present discipline of the government require to fit them for the duties of freemen? From the day the Whig government came into power till the day they gave up their places, the lower classes have been praying for relief from the burdens that oppress them--and they have prayed in vain. They have gradually been giving up all hope of substantial help from either of the great parties, until the conclusion has been forced upon them, that justice never will be awarded to the mass so long as they are not represented in Parliament. They have now turned away from kings, queens, parliaments and reform bills, from which they experienced so little relief; and fallen back with a confident and desperate resolution upon themselves, adopting the CHARTER for their rallying cry. We shall say nothing of Chartism in this place it deserves a place by itself, which it shall have in another part of the work. The Chartists have long ago been put down in the newspapers, but no where else. Says Carlyle, "the living essence of Chartism has not been put down." It is easy to believe this true when it has swelled its numbers, in three years, from five hundred thousand to three millions.

WE SHALL NOW NOTICE MORE SPECIFICALLY SOME OF THE BURDENS THAT PRESS UPON THE BRITISH PEOPLE.

These burdens I have no desire to exaggerate. Would to God I could believe they have ever been exaggerated! for it would then be other than with a feeling of sadness I have taken up my pen to write out the woes of some millions of the poor of our father-land.

Before we could be prepared for a contemplation of the distress of the lower classes, we must inquire into the laws which govern them, to ascertain what agency these laws have in producing suffering. If the British Government have not by unjust legislation incurred the guilt of distressing the disfranchised poor, let the world know it, that the blame may no longer be charged upon an innocent party; and if on examination it shall appear the government have enacted cruel and wicked laws, that have enriched the few and impoverished the many, let the world know it.

A thousand years have passed away, and during this long period the people have been the victims of unjust government. One race of kings after another has come and gone; one generation of privileged classes after another has appeared on the stage, and moulded the constitution and laws of the empire to suit themselves. It would be strange indeed, if in the selfishness and pride of power they should not have forgotten the interests of the poor.

In such an estimate as this, we must not pass by the NATIONAL DEBT. In the gratification of national pride and ambition in the prodigal expenditures of successive administrations for the extension of conquest, building palaces for monarchs and their favorites in the bestowment of estates and pensions on the privileged orders of societyand in the maintenance of an immense military and naval force to extend the empire abroad and suppress popular rights at home, England has since 1689, (when the government owed but £664, 263) accumulated upon herself the enormous debt of £792,306,442, for the payment of the interest of which a sum no less than £29,461,527, is drawn from the people every year. Yes every twenty-four hours nearly half a million dollars are wrung from a single nation to pay for the past extravagance of its rulers. Of this mighty aggregate, three thousand millions of dollars were expended in a single war with their old enemies the French! Well knowing it was impossible by direct or indirect taxation to raise the immense sums they demanded in the prosecution of these wars of ambition and plunder, the men who controlled affairs during the reigns of William and Mary, Queen Anne, George I, II, and III, craftily flattered each their own generation, that these wars were necessary for the public safety, and that it was too much for those periods to pay for their own defence. They not only appropriated all those times could furnish, but stretched out their hands and thrust them into the pockets of unborn generations, and compelled the unbegotten to provide not only for their own time when it should arrive, but for the extravagance of their ancestors. Thus these wily politicians at the clearing up of the storm of Europe, after the battle of Waterloo, had mortgaged England in an account current with herself, for civil and military purposes, with a debt whose annual interest brings a tax of nearly six dollars a year upon every man, woman, and child in the three kingdoms.

Before I have done with this great subject, it will be apparent to the reader, that every piece of bread the hand-loom weaver or the orphan child eats, is charged with a part of the expense of the victorious campaigns of Ramillies and Blenheim, by the Duke of Marlborough-of the castle voted him by Parliament of the palace and estate voted the Duke of Wellington-of every pension given to the favourites of ministers; and a part of the price paid by England for maintaining that vast army, which for a quarter of a century measured swords on the fields of Europe with the son of the public notary of Ajaccio, for to pay the interest on this debt thus contracted, heavier taxes are laid upon the labour of the working man of Great Britain than were ever laid upon the working man of any other nation of ancient or modern times.

But even this sum, vast as it is, sinks into insignificance, when compared with that great amount of direct and indirect taxation which weighs down the people of England. Besides the interest on the national debt ($150,000,000) there is expended every year over one hundred millions of dollars, making the sum annually raised to administer the government, two hundred and fifty millions of dollars. This is the first great division of English burdens I shall notice. It is raised in the most adroit, but after all, in the most oppres