THE PLAN OF A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. To the Right Honourable Philip Dormer, Earl of Chesterfield, one of His Majefty's Principal Secretaries of State. My LORD, HEN firft I undertook to write an English W Dictionary, I had no Expectation of any higher Patronage than that of the Proprietors of the Copy, nor Prospect of any other Advantage than the Price of my Labour. I knew that the Work in which I engaged is generally confidered as Drudgery for the Blind, as the proper Toil of artlefs Induftry; a Task that requires neither the Light of Learning, nor the Activity of Genius, but may be fuccefsfully performed without any higher Quality than that of bearing Burthens with dull Patience, and beating the Track of the Alphabet with fluggifli Refolution. Whether this Opinion, fo long tranfmitted, and fo widely propagated, had its Beginning from Truth and Nature, or from Accident and Prejudice; whether it be decreed by the Authority of Reafon, or the Tyranny of Ignorance, that of all the Candidates for literary Praife, the unhappy Lexicographer holds the lowest Place, neither Vanity nor Interest incited me to enquire. It appeared that the Province allotted me was, of all the Regions of Learn ing, generally confeffed to be the leaft delightful, that it was believed to produce neither Fruits nor Flowers; and that, after a long and laborious Cultivation, not even the barren Laurel had been found upon it. Yet on this Province, my Lord, I entered, with the pleafing Hope, that, as it was low, it likewife would be fafe. I was drawn forward with the Profpect of Employment, which, though not fplendid, would be useful; and which, though it could not make my Life envied, would keep it innocent'; which would awaken no Passion, engage me in no Contention, nor throw in my Way any Temptation to disturb the Quiet of others by Cenfure, or my own by Flattery. I had read indeed of Times, in which Princes and Statefmen thought it Part of their Honour to promote the Improvement of their native Tongues; and in which Dictionaries were written under the Protection of Greatnefs. To the Patrons of fuch Undertakings I willingly paid the Homage of believing that they, who were thus folicitous for the Perpetuity of their Language, had Reafon to expect that their Actions would be celebrated by Pofterity, and that the Eloquence which they promoted would be employed in their Praife. But I confider fuch Acts of Beneficence as Prodigies, recorded rather to raife Wonder than Expectation; and content with the Terms that I had ftipulated, had not suffered my Imagination to flatter me with any other Encouragement, when I found that my Design had been thought by your Lordship of Importance fufficient to attract your Favour. How far this unexpected Diftinction can be rated among the happy Incidents of Life, I am not yet able to determine. Its firft Effect has been to make me anxious, left it should fix the Attention of the Public too much upon me, and, as it once happened to I to an Epic Poet of France, by raising the Reputation of the Attempt, obftruct the Reception of the Work. I imagine what the World will expect from a Scheme, profecuted under your Lordfhip's Influence; and I know that Expectation, when her Wings are once expanded, eafily reaches Heights which Performance never will attain; and when the. has mounted the Summit of Perfection, derides her Follower, who dies in the Purfuit. Not therefore to raife Expectation, but to reprefs it, I here lay before your Lordship the Plan of my Undertaking, that more may not be demanded than I intend; and that, before it is too far advanced to be thrown into a new Method, I may be advertised of its Defects or Superfluities. Such informations I may justly hope, from the Emulation with which thofe, who defire the Praise of Elegance or Difcernment, muft contend in the Promotion of a Design that you, my Lord, have not thought unworthy to fhare your Attention with Treaties and with Wars. In the first Attempt to methodise my Ideas I found. a Difficulty, which extended itfelf to the whole Work. It was not easy to determine by what Rule of Diftinction the Words of this Dictionary were to be chofen. The chief Intent of it is to preferve the Purity, and afcertain the Meaning of our English Idiom; and this feems to require nothing more than that our Language be confidered, fo far as it is our own; that the Words and Phrafes ufed in the general Intercourse of Life, or found in the Works of thofe whom we commonly ftile polite Writers, be felected, without including the Terms of particular Profeffions; fince, with the Arts to which they relate, they are generally derived from other Nations, and are very often the fame in all the Languages of this Part of the World. This is, perhaps, the exact and pure Idea of a grammatical Dictionary; but in Lexicography, as in other Arts, naked Science is too delicate for the the Purposes of Life. The Value of a Work must be estimated by its Ufe: It is not enough that a Dictionary delights the Critic, unlefs, at the fame Time, it inftructs the Learner; as it is to little Purpofe that an Engine amufes the Philofopher by the Subtilty of its Mechanism, if it requires fo much Knowledge in its Application, as to be of no Advantage to the common Workman. The Title which I prefix to my Work has long conveyed a very mifcellaneous Idea, and they that take a Dictionary into their Hands, have been accustomed to expect from it a Solution of almost every Difficulty. If foreign Words therefore were rejected, it could be little regarded, excepted by Critics, or those who afpire to Criticism; and however it might enlighten those that write, would be all Darkness to them that only read. The Unlearned much oftner confult their Dictionaries for the Mean ing of Words, than for their Structures or Formations; and the Words that most want Explanation are generally Terms of Art; which, therefore, Experince has taught my Predeceffors to fpread with a Kind of pompous Luxuriance over their Productions. The Academicians of France, indeed, rejected Terms of Science in their firft Effay, but found afterwards a Neceffity of relaxing the Rigour of their Determination; and, though they would not naturalize them at once by a fingle Act, permitted them by Degrees to fettle themselves among the Natives, with little Oppofition; and it would furely be no Proof of Judgment to imitate them in an Error which they have now retracted, and deprive the Book of its chief Ufe, by fcrupulous Diftinctions. On fuch Words, however, all are not equally to be confidered as Parts of our Language; for fome of them are naturalized and incoporated, but others ftill continue Aliens, and are rather Auxiliaries then VOL. II. Subjects. D Subjects. This Naturalization is produced either by an Admiffion into common Speech, in fome metaphorical Signification, which is the Acquisition of a Kind of Property among us; as we fay, the Zenith of Advancement, the Meridian of Life, the * Cynofure of neighbouring Eyes; or it is the Confequence of long Intermixture and frequent Ufe, by which the Ear is accuftomed to the Sound of Words, till their Original is forgotten, as in Equator, Satellites; or of the Change of a foreign into an English Termination, and a Conformity to the Laws of the Speech into which they are adopted; as in Catego ry, Chachexy, Peripneumony. Of thofe which ftill continue in the State of Aliens, and have made no Approaches towards Affimilation, fome feem neceffary to be retained; because the Purchasers of the Dictionary will expect to find them. Such are many Words in the Common Law, as Capias, Habeas Corpus, Pramunire, Nifi Prius: Such are fome Terms of Controverfial Di vinity, as Hypoftafis; and of Phyfick, as the Names of Diseases; and in general, all Terms which can be found in Books not written profeffedly upon particular Arts, or can be fuppofed neceffary to those who do not regularly ftudy them. Thus, when a Reader not skilled in Phyfick happens in Milton upon this Line, pining Atrophy, Marafinus, and wide-wasting Peftilence, he will, with equal Expectation, look into his Dic tionary for the Word Marafmus, as for Atrophy, or Peftilence; and will have Reason to complain if he does not find it. It feems neceffary to the Completion of a Dictionary defigned not merely for Critics, but for popular Ufe, that it should comprife, in fome Degree, * Milton the |