"Rudiments of Christianity for Retail Traders," or "Religion recommended to Wall-Street Brokers," would, very probably, be passed by, without any careful digestion, by those classes respectively. So, we apprehend, The Bible in the Workshop; or, Christianity the Friend of Labor, by REV. JOHN W. MEARS, just from the press of C. Scribner of this city, well written as it is, and earnest in its appeals, will not reach many of that class of men for whom it is more especially intended. It will be gratifying to find ourselves mistaken in this opinion, and to know that laborers and working-men peruse its pages and profit by them.

In a ponderous octavo of 632 pages, without preface, introduction, or index, we have from the press of Carter and Brothers, Essays and Reviews, by CHARLES HODGE, D. D., selected from the Princeton Review. They are mainly upon Scriptural and Theological themes, written, some of them, twenty and twenty-five years ago, and most of them have long since lost all interest for the general reader. A portion of the volume is devoted to discussions of the ubiquitous question of slavery, and our Southern readers will have no reason to find fault with the reviewer. He estimates the abolitionist as several degrees worse than the slaveholder; but, like all other writers on that side of the question, leaves us to give our own definition to the word abolitionist.

Beaumarchais and his Times. Sketches of French Society in the Eighteenth Century, from unpublished documents. By LOUIS DE LOMENIE. Translated by Henry S. Edwards. (Harper & Brothers.) Beaumarchais was a kind of Jack of-all-trades-poet, politician, merchant-generally successful in his undertakings, goodnatured and benevolent, but an avowed infidel of the Voltaire school. The volume before us is full of anecdote and gossip, and spreads before the reader the varying aspects of Parisian society during a most eventful period in the history of France. The translation is lively and spirited.

OF JUVENILE BOOKS we have space to notice a few only.

(1.) Boys and Girls' Illustrated Olio, designed as a Gift Book, full of pictures and instruction on a great variety of subjects, prepared by DR. WISE, editor of the Sunday-School Advocate, and published, in admirable style, by Carlton & Porter.

(2.) Learning about Common Things, the fourth in the series of Harper's Picture Books for the Nursery. It has one hundred and twenty engravings, and is designed for children just beginning to read.

(3.) Never mind the Face; or, the Cousin's Visit. A pleasing narrative for girls from the pen of a fair lady, who chooses to call herself HETTY HOLYOKE, author of "The Surprise." Like stories for children of a larger growth, it con ducts the reader to matrimonial engagements, and leaves decided impressions of connubial felicity. (C. Scribner.)

(4.) The Story of Columbus, simplified for the young Folks, by SARAH H. BRADFORD, is an interesting and instructive little volume, with several illustrations from original designs. The author is well known as an agreeable writer of books for the young; and, in this instance, has admirably succeeded in telling an eventful story in a style free from puerilities, but adapted to the youthful mind. (C. Scribner.)

(5.) A beautiful and profusely illustrated small quarto volume, entitled, A Winter at Wood Lawn; or, the Armor of Light Illustrated, a very desirable holiday present for youth of both sexes. Interspersed with sketches of scenery and pleasing narrative are conversations about the Christian's armor, the girdle, the shield, the sword, the breast-plate, and the helmet. It is by the author of that well-known little volume, Four Days in July, and is published by Carlton & Porter.

(6.) From the same publishers, Poor Nelly; or, the Golden Mushroom, an Old Lady's Story, a reprint of one of the London Tract Society's publications, making No. 627 of the SundaySchool Library. It is said to be an authentic story.

New-York Historical Society.-At a late meeting of the New-York Historical Society, the librarian called the attention of the members to a portrait of Cornelis Steenwyck, presented by Mrs. Elizabeth Clark, through Mr. John M'Mullen, of the New-York Society Library. Mr. Moore read a letter from the latter gentleman, giving a history of the discovery of the picture, and stated that Cornelius Steenwyck was a very important character in his day and generation, having been scnepen in 1658 and 1660; burgomaster in 1662, 1664, 1665, and 1666; and mayor in 1668, 1669, 1670, 1682, and 1683. He was one of the most intelligent and wealthy merchants of New-Amsterdam. He came here first in government employment, while a young man, and subsequently

went into business on his own account. He married a daughter of Lysbet Greveratt, and lived and traded near the corner of Whitehall and Bridge streets. He increased his business until his foreign connections in trade, especially with Holland, became more extensive than those of any other merchant of his time. It is said that he was unanimously called on by the government and citizens, to proceed to Holland to solicit aid against the anticipated expedition which in 1664 transferred the colony of NewAmsterdam to the jurisdiction of the English crown, and changed its name to New-York. He did not go, however, and appears to have been prominent in the negotiations which accompanied the surrender to Nicholis. His name appears many times in the records of the early

Dutch Church, of which he was a member. His widow married Dominic Henricus Solyus, one of the most distinguished clergymen of his time, the seventh in the list of the ministers of the Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of the city of New-York, who was installed in 1682, and died in 1700.

We are glad to learn that DR. J. T. PECK's Central Idea of Christianity has already reached a fourth edition. It was favorably noticed in our pages at the time of its publication, and a better acquaintance with it confirms our first impression, that it not only presents, forcibly, the Wesleyan theory of Christian Perfection, but that it is well calculated to promote the true interests of the Church at large, and that it is worthy of a place in every Christian library. H. V. Degen: Boston. Sold also by Carlton &

Porter.

Philip St. George Cocke, Esq., proposes to bestow twenty thousand dollars of the bonds of the University of Virginia, bearing six per cent. interest, for which by law its annuity is pledged, toward the endowment of an agricultural professorship; reserving the right of nominating the professor, subject to the approval of the Visitors of the University, and at his death the nomination of the professor, to be made by the Farmers' Assembly, subject to the like approval. He desires furthermore, to enjoy the privilege of appointing two scholars, to be educated free of tuition fees or charge, in the proposed school, and that this privilege shall rest at his death in perpetuity in the Farmers' Assembly. The proposition has been accepted.

American Works.-The London Literary Gazette states that the publishers of Mrs. Stowe's “Dred" announce a new edition, completing the issue of a hundred thousand within a month, a sale exceeding that even of "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Of the new tale by the author of "The Wide, Wide World," "The Hills of the Shatemuc," thirty thousand copies have been issued by the same publishers. There are two other editions in circulation, but that of Messrs. Low & Co. is the only one published with the sanction of the author, and from which she derives any advantage.

The Swiss "Universal Society for the Advancement of History," has just published the eleventh volume of its archives; it contains, besides some minor articles, a carefully made copy of the writings of Johannes Vitodurani, the ancient chronicler.

At Bekenried, on the lake of the four cantons in Switzerland, the fourteenth meeting of the Historical Society has lately taken place. The chief point of interest was in a paper read by Karl Brandes, a man of high scientific attainments, and a brother of the Benedictine Order of the Monastery of Einsiedel. It related to the history of Paul Styger, the hero of the glorious but unfortunate struggle in 1779 between the people of Unterwald and the French troops. The writer referred to letters and papers, in Styger's own handwriting, which are preserved in the archives of Einsiedel, and from these drew an animated picture of the friar who, at Feldkirch, threw off his capuchin's hood, grasped the sword, and at the head of the

armed country people, women as well as men, during a whole day withstood the attack of the French army, until at length, compelled by overwhelming numbers, they gave way. The monastery of Einsiedel is a shrine of great sanctity among the Swiss, and thousands flock to it annually, but this year the crowd of pilgrims and sight-seers has been much greater than usual.

An English publisher announces as in press, "The Letters of Boswell, now first printed from the original MSS." These memorials of Dr. Johnson's famous biographer cannot fail to be interesting.

A continuation of Baronio's work, "The Annals of the Church," was published last month in Rome, in three volumes; they are by Father Theiner, and are dedicated to the Emperor of Austria.

Theiner has devoted the last ten years of his life to this work, and given to it the most unwearying diligence and labor; the mass of MSS. which he has consulted in the course of his studies is said to be enormous.

The Schiller Society, in Germany, has purchased the house in which the poet lived, in Gohlis, for a sum of two thousand dollars; the building is an old tumble-down tenement, and has long been offered for sale.

Professor Tischendorf has lately made a journey in the southern parts of Germany and Switzerland, visiting all the principal public and private libraries in these countries, and devoting himself with equal skill and perseverance to the examination of the Biblical MSS. they contain. Through the courtesy of the head librarian at Munich, he has been enabled to prepare for publication two manuscripts, which will be welcomed by all versed in Biblical lore; they are both Latin translations from the

Greek, the so-called "Itala" of the New-Testament, as it existed before the time of Jerome, previous to the fourth century. One of these Munich manuscripts contains the four evangelists almost entire; the other, perhaps even more important in Biblical hermeneutics, and valuable for its great rarity, consists of fragments of St. Paul's Epistles, copied in the fifth century, in the handwriting of that time. Among the Greek manuscripts one, which in the catalogue is simply marked as a Palimpsest, interested Professor Tischendorf extremely; he found it to consist of fragments of four very ancient and almost obliterated MSS., one in Minuscal, (or minute character,) the other three in the Uncial, or larger handwriting of the eighth century. By a skillful application of the blue tincture, Professor Tischendorf succeeded in deciphering the whole of these highly interesting documents. They contain fragments of the apocryphal history of the apostles, and of the Indian apostle Thomas, and King of "Misdeos."

We take the following extract from a poem just published in England:

"Farewell, Tarrengower! and Ganawarra! Farewell, Wegra-Barjarg! and Irrawarra! Farewell, Burra Burra! Polliah! Morang! Farewell, Merrimingo! and thee, Burnewang! And thee, Booroondara! and Goomalibee! Farewell, Nareb Nareb! and Hinnomongy! And Wimmera plains, by Tongeomungie!" If the poem is all like the foregoing, it must be a rich and ingenious work.

Ocean Soundings.-Lieutenant Berryman, who was sent out by the Navy Department, in the ship" Arctic," to ascertain the depth, by soundings, from Newfoundland to Ireland, with reference to the practicability of a submarine telegraph, submitted his report, together with the maps and charts, to the Navy Department. His report is brief and to the point. He starts out by making soundings every thirty or forty miles, varying from one hundred fathoms to two thousand and seventy-five fathoms; no place beyond the latter figure, that being the deepest point. In almost every sounding he brought up various kinds of curiosities, such as shells of every description, gravel, quantities of mud, etc., all of which have been deposited in the Smithsonian

Institution. On his return he made the same experiments of sounding with the same success. Nowhere did he find any obstructions or impediments in the way, and establishes clearly and conclusively, and beyond the shadow of a doubt, in his judgment, the practicability and feasibility of the submarine telegraph between those two points. He believes that the whole thing can be accomplished in ten days after everything is in readiness, and that the best time for doing it is during the month of July.

He further states that the wires would sink down into a soft, muddy bottom, and that nothing could possibly interfere with them. This settles, beyond all question, the practicability of connecting the two continents by a submarine telegraph.

Martin's three pictures, of "The Last Judgment," "The Great Day of Wrath," and "The Plains of Heaven," are, says The Churchman, his last, and probably greatest paintings. There is some wretched drawing, especially one angel of destruction, whose left foot shows either an

impossible anatomy, or a degree of deformity by no means angelic. All kinds of extravagance, also, will be found, exceeding even Martin's own previous efforts in that line, which is saying a great deal. His notion of heaven is misty in the extreme, and would do about as well for a Mohammedan as a Christian. His ideas of Gog and Magog are clearer, being more akin to what has been seen and known on the earth. His collection of saints on Mount Zion has many portraits, which show that Mr. Martin's idea of saintship includes mainly those who have been acknowledged as great men on earth -a slight mistake. The chief proof that the "Plains of Heaven" represent a new heaven and a new earth, is, that the foliage of the trees is such as was never seen before-except in some of Martin's previous pictures. The architecture of Mount Zion, also, bears a very close resemblance to that of Babylon and Egypt, as depicted years ago by the same painter's extended powers of perspective; and here, also, we think, there must be a slight mistake. At least, our ecclesiological tastes rebel against so close a family likeness between Babylon and Zion. The pictures are excellent Protestant pictures; for there is the pope, with triple tiara on his head, and crucifix in hand, preparing to bite the dust at the feet of a woman in purple and

scarlet, who looks as if she might well be all that she is said to be, in the Book of Revelation. As to bishops, the painter is divided in sentiment; there are lawn sleeves on Mount Zion; and at least one pair of them, on the other side, along with some puritanical-looking long-faces, in gown and bands. But, with all their faults, there is much about all these great paintings that is grand, bold, and striking; and even, to the general apprehension, sublime. Portions of them are painted up with the greatest care, and beautiful effect; and as admirable specimens of the pure Martinesque style, they will well reward a half hour's study.

Paris, such, for instance, as Baron Frigetty, rePrices of Sculpture. The best sculptors in ceive on an average four thousand dollars for statues ten feet high. But the ablest sculptors in Italy receive much less than this sum. The

statues recently erected in Florence to the memory of the illustrious men of Tuscany, sixteen or eighteen in number, cost something over one thousand dollars each, most of them executed by men who rank higher in this department of art than Mr. Powers. It is not their talents, but they accept such commissions pretended that this sum adequately rewards to further the patriotic objects of their government. Mr. Powers himself gives a guide by which to estimate the price of a single statue, in his several copies of the Greek Slave, which he has sold at three thousand dollars each. Give his workmen an additional thousand dollars, and they will execute the slave ten feet high, the sculptor having no extra labor to perform.

The rapid increase in the consumption of paper, especially in this country, is well known, but its whole extent may not fairly be anticipated. The amount of paper produced annually in France is about 150,000,000 pounds, of which 17,000,000 are exported. England produces about 177,000,000 pounds, of which about 16,000,000 are sent abroad, and 161,000,000 are used at home. The United States consume about 270,000,000 of pounds, an amount greater than England and France combined. A large proportion of this is manufactured at home, and the remainder imported from Europe, chiefly from France and England. The consumption of paper in England and France is about four and a half pounds for each person, while in the United States it reaches ten pounds for each individual. The rags required to make the 270,000,000 of paper consumed in the United States amount to 337,000,000 pounds, one and a quarter of rags being required to make one pound of paper.

A monument is to be erected to the ex-king Louis of Bavaria in Munich, and to be placed in the square of the Odeon. It is to be an equestrian statue, modeled from a drawing of the late sculptor, Schwanthaler, and which was originally designed for a monument to be raised in Pesth to the late Archduke Palatine of Hungary.

which ran diagonally between the Owasco and Skaneateles Lakes, from six to eight miles in length, and built for the purpose of hemming in deer.

The first settlers found, on the different points which extend into the lake, several clearings made by the Indians for raising corn and other vegetables. I remember to have seen the remains of one of their wigwams there but a few years ago. At the foot of the Owasco is an interesting Indian mound so ancient that a tree of considerable size has grown, decayed, and perished upon it. Its form is that of an oval, nearly twenty feet in length and four in height. Mr. Hubbard excavated one end of the mound a few years ago, and found the skeleton of an Indian of immense size, the skull of which was nearly half an inch thick. Copper implements, much more ancient and elaborate than the rude stone hatchets of the Iroquois, have also been picked up in the immediate vicinity. The mound consists principally of stones, doubtless heaped up in this manner over the grave of a celebrated warrior or chieftain by passers by, as is still the custom of some of the Indian tribes. Beautiful resting-place for the honored dead! where,

"'Neath the sportive wing

Of the sweet south,' the leaves are waving,
And shoreward, gently murmuring,
Owasco's waves her beach are laving."

The principal Indian village in the vicinity was Osco, (written Was-kough in the treaty of 1789, by which the Cayugas ceded their territory to the State of New York.) It was situated on the outlet, two miles and a half north from the foot of the lake, where now stands the city of Auburn. The great trail of the Iroquois crossed the outlet of the Owasco, or Osco,* at this point on stepping-stones. The village was situated on Fort Hill, an eminence which, in Mr. Schoolcraft's lan

valley of the Owasco, and the thriving and beautiful inland town of Auburn, with its pubedifices. The ellipsis inclosed by the embanklic buildings, prison, and other noted public ments, (six feet high at the beginning of this century, but now not more than two or three,) with their intervening spaces, has a circumference of twelve hundred feet."

Limited space alone prevents me from giving a more detailed description of the Indian fortifications on Fort Hill. Suffice it to say, that the fortress of Osco was not erected by the Iroquois, but by a race antecedent to them in time, and far surpassing them in intelligence.

Who were the architects?

The traditions of the Mexican nations

uniformly assert that the mound-builders of our Western world were a people denominated Alleghans, "who originally hunted south and west of the Mississippi River." It is supposed that in the eleventh century, before the overthrow of the Toltec, and the establishment of the Aztec empire in Mexico, "they removed northward and eastward into the valley of the Ohio, where they subsisted about three hundred years."

The traditions of the Cayugas also state that the Alleghans came from the same region; that very far back in the past the parent stock of the Iroquois were engaged in protracted but successful wars with red men from the southwest, who had irrupted into that portion of their domain south of the lakes, and constructed along the valley of the Ohio, and as far east as the ancient village of Osco, earthen altars for the worship of the sun, mounds for the sepulture of their dead, and embankments for personal defense; and that while they were in the actual possession of these works, and before they had fully completed them, they were forced to acknowledge the rightful sovereignty of the Iroquois over these woodlands and rivers, and to evacuate all their fortified posts east of the Mississippi,* having, however, given their name to the Alleghany range and to an important river in the United States.

The Alleghans, so far as can be learned from traditions and the study of their monuments, were driven from the eminence of Osco during the thirteenth century,

The curious reader will find a full descrip

Schoolcraft, Macaulay, and E. G. Squiers.