with which they have no necessary,
but merely an arbitrary connexion,
established by custom and experience.
So much upon the idealism of the eye.
In conclusion, we wish to hazard
one remark on the subject of inverted
images depicted on the retina. Ex-
ternal objects, we are told, are repre-
sented on the retina in an inverted
position, or with their upper parts
pointing downwards. Now, in one
sense this may be true, but in another
sense it appears to us to be unanswer-
ably false. Every visible object must
be conceived as made up of a great
number of minima visibilia, or smallest
visible points. From each of these a
cone of rays proceeds, with its base
falling on the pupil of the eye. Here
the rays are refracted by the humours
so as to form other cones, the apices of
which are projected on the retina. The
cones of rays proceeding from the up-
per minima visibilia of the object are
refracted into foci on the lower part
of the retina; while those coming from
the lower minima of the object are re-
fracted into foci on the upper part of
the retina. So far the matter is per-
fectly demonstrable; so far we have
an image on the retina, the lower parts
of which correspond with the upper
parts of the object. But what kind of
image is it—what is the nature of the
inversion which here takes place? We
answer that it is an image in which
not one single minimum is in itself re-
versed, but in which all the minima
are transposed merely in relation to one
another. The inversion regards merely
the relative position of the minima,
and not the minima themselves. Thus,
the upward part of each minimum in
the object must also point upwards in
the image on the retina. For what
principle is there in optics or in geo-
metry, in physiology or in the humours
of the eye, to reverse it? We do not
see how opticians can dispute this fact,
except by saying that these minima
have no extension, and consequently
have neither an up nor a down; but
that is a position which we think they
will hardly venture to maintain. We
can make our meaning perfectly plain
by the following illustrative diagram
-In the lines of figures,

each of which is a minimum visibile, or
smallest point from which a cone of
rays can come. Now, the ordinary
optical doctrine, as we understand it,
is, that this string of beads A falls
upon the retina in an image in the
form of the row of figures B; that is
to say, in an image in which the bead
1 is thrown with its head downwards
on the retina, and all the other beads
in the same way with their heads
downwards. Now, on the contrary, it
appears to us demonstrable, that the
beads A must fall upon the retina in
an image in the form of the row of
figures C; that is to say, in an image
in which each particular bead or mini-
mum lies with its head upwards upon
the retina. In the annexed scheme our
meaning, and the difference between
the two views, are made perfectly
plain; and, it is evident, that if the ob-
ject were reduced to only one minimum
-the bead 2, for instance-there would
be no inversion, but a perfectly erect
image of it thrown upon the retina.

Now, there are just five different ways
in which the fact we have now stated
may be viewed. It is either a fact
notoriously announced in all or in
most optical works; and if it is so, we
are surprised (though our reading has
not been very extensive in that way)
that we should never have come across
it. Or else it is a fact so familiar to
all optical writers, and so obvious and
common-place in itself, that they never
have thought it necessary or worth
their while to announce it. But if
this be the case, we cannot agree with
them; we think that it is a fact as re-
condite and as worthy of being stated
as many others that are emphatically
insisted on in the science. Or else,
though neither notorious nor familiar,
it may have been stated by some one
or by some few optical writers. If so,
we should thank any one who would
be kind enough to refer us to the
works in which it is to be found.
else, fourthly, it is a false fact, and
admits of being demonstrably dis-
proved. If so, we should like to see
it done. Or else, lastly, it is a true,
and a new, and a demonstrable fact;
and if so, we now call upon all optical
writers, from this time henceforward,
to adopt it. We do not pretend to
decide which of these views is the
true one. We look to Dr Brewster
for a reply; for neither his, nor any
other man's rationale of the inverted
images, appears to us to be at all com-
plete or satisfactorily made out with-
out its admission.

Or

Affghanistan, sketch of the campaign in,
676.

Agitation, introduction and effects of the
system of, 538.

Agriculture and Science, 738.

"A health to thee," by B. Simmons, 534.
Americans in London, 25.
Angelo, a Tale from the drama of Victor
Hugo, Chap. I., The Key, 799-Chap.
II., The Crucifix, 805-Chap. III., The
Poison, 807.

Aphrodite, Homer's hymn to, translated,
579.

Army, the British, 398.
Art, the natural in, 435.

Bailey's review of Berkeley's Theory of
Vision, review of, 812.

Ballad, "A health to thee," by B. Sim-
mons, 534.

Banks and banking companies, 146,

Baptism of the prince of Wales, ode on
the, by B. Simmons, 531.
Berkeley and Idealism, 812.
Bibliomania, 624.

Bobrik, Geographie des Herodot, notice
of, 3.

British Museum, the, 420.
Burying-places of London, the, 650.
Cabool and Affghanistan, 676.
Caleb Stukely, Part I. Home, 224-Part
II. College, 306.-Part III. College,
445.-Part IV. First Love, 585.
Campbell's life of Frederick the Great,
review of, 333.

Cemeteries (Things of the Day,) 510, of
London, the, 650.

Chronicles of the Cité of Paris, 87.
Church of England, the, 400.
Circassia, 405, 629.

Cleobis and Biton, a story from Herodo-
tus, 536.

Copyright, the present law of, 634—ques-
tion, review of the, 107.
Corn laws, the, 414.

Corn question, policy of Sir Robert Peel
on the, 538-summary of the debate on
it, 541-fallacy of the arguments against
his policy, 544-and of those of Mr
Villiers on, 546.
D'Arblay, Madame, extracts from the
memoirs of, 784.

De Cresci, a poem, 24.

Dee, Dr, sketch of the career of, 626.
Delta, legend of St Rosalie, by, 101.
Delusion, Mackay's history of, reviewed,
51.

Dependencies, Lewis on the government
of, reviewed, 213.
Derby day, the, 386.

Deserted Village, illustrations to the, by
the Etching Club, reviewed, 122.
Dost Mohammed, 506.

Downs, a ramble on the, 156.

Dumas, Alexander, a tale from the drama
of, 609.

Earthquake, the predicted, 511.

English agriculture, state and prospects of,
406.

El Empecinado, passages in the career of,
Part I., 521-Part II., La Morena de
Malaga, 756.

Etching Club, review of illustrations by

the, to the Deserted Village, 122.
Evening Walk, the, a poem, 653.
Exhibition of London, the, 419.
Fairs of London, the, 384.

Fane's five years in India, review of, 474.
Father Tudkin's malediction, a tale, 248.
Financial policy and measures of Sir
Robert Peel, 540.

Fishers of the East coast of Scotland,
notes on the, 296-dialect spoken by,
in Aberdeen, ib.-their villages, 297,
299-their costume, 297-and personal
appearance, 298-their superstitions,
299-their teenames, 300-illustrative
anecdotes of, 301-their habits as wreck-
ers, 302-and while at sea, ib.-pre-
valence of smuggling among them, 304.
Five years in India, review of, 474.
Florence, museum at, 48.
Foreigners in London, French, 22—Ita-
lians, 23-Savoyards, 24-Spaniards,
25-Germans, ib.-Americans, ib.—
Jews, 26-Gipsies, 31.

Frederick the Great and his times, review
of, 333.

French in London, 22.

Fuocista, the, 350.

Gabrielle de Belleisle, a tale from the

drama of Alexander Dumas, Chap. I.,
the Court Lovers, 609—Chap. II., the

Wager, 610-Chap. III., White is Black
and Black is White, 614-Chap. IV.,
the Duel, 616-Chap. V., White is
White, 618.

Galley slaves, 40.

Geneva, Protestantism in, 162.

Geographie des Herodot, notice of, 3.
Germans in London, 25.

553.

Goldsmith's Deserted Village, illustrations

to, by the Etching Club, reviewed, 122.
Hamburg, the conflagration at, 797.
HB., Lines to, by the author of the Life
of Burke, 535,

Heiress and her friends, the, Chap. I., 64

-Chap. II., 66—Chap. III., 69—Chap.
IV., 73-Chap. V., 76—Chap. VI., 80
Chap. VII., 82.

Heraut to Ourenbourg, narrative of a
journey from, 691.

Herodotus, the philosophy of, 1-general
misconception regarding, ib.-impor-
tance of the era preceding him, ib.-
his merits as a geographer, 2-causes
of the erroneous views regarding him,
3-3-his work not exclusively a his-
tory, 4-viewed as a depository of le-
gends, 6-as a political economist, 7—
increasing estimation in which he is
held, 9-his theory of the solar system,
10-his parallelism between the Danube
and Nile, 12-on his Africa, 14-his
chronology, 20,

Herodotus, Cleobis and Biton, a story
from, 536.

Homeless people in London, 173.
Homer's hymn to Aphrodite, translation
of, 579.

Hogarth, defence of, 390.

Horticultural exhibitions, 425.

Hugo, Victor, a tale from the drama of,
799.

Huntley, William, supposed murder of,
and trial for it, 553.

Hymn to Aphrodite, from Homer, trans-
lation of, 579.

postures, 51.

rative of, 691.

Kaubool and Affghanistan, 676.
Kennedy's (Dr) narrative of the cam-
paign in Kaubool and Affghanistan, re-
view of, 676.

Khiva, narrative of a journey to, 691.
Law of Lauriston, sketch of the career of,
53.

Legend of St Rosalie, the, a Poem, by
Delta, 101.

Letter to Christopher North.

the Murderer?" 553.

"Who is

Lewis on the Government of Dependen-
cies, review of, 213.

Libel law, the, 141.

Lines to HB., by the author of the life of
Burke, &c., 535.

Fo-

London, the world of. Part VIII.
reigners in London-French, 22-Ita-
lians, 23-Savoyards, 24-Spaniards,
25-Germans, ib.-Americans, ib.-
Jews, 26-Gipsies, 31. Part IX.-
homeless people in London, 173
homeless great people,,174-club peo-
ple, 176-parlour people, 177-din-
nerless homeless people, 185-utterly
homeless people, 190-Part X. Lon-
don recreations, 370-social relaxa-
tions, 373-going in state, 375-the
parks and gardens, 380-fairs, 384-
the Derby day, 386-Part XI., 417-
exhibitions, 419-the British museum,
420-the National Gallery, 421-the
Zoological Society's exhibitions, 424-
Horticultural exhibitions, 425-music,
426--the Italian opera, 429-the thea-
tres, 431-Part XII. Theatricals, 639
-the abbey and tower, 648-killed,
wounded, and missing, 650.

merits, 540, 551.

Ireland, present state of, 509.

Italian opera, the, 429.

Italians in London, 23.

Italy, sketches of, No. III., galley slaves,
Leghorn, 40-museums at home and
abroad, 42-zoological gardens, ib.-
Pisa, 44-its museum, 46-its botanic
garden, 47-Florence, museum of, 48
-birds in it, 49-snake room, 50-
No. IV., approach to Venice, 721-Ve-
nice, 723-the prisons, 724-the so-
ciety of St Rock, 726-travellers in
Italy, &c. 728-St George's, 729-Na-

review of, 51.

Malediction of Father Tudkin, the, a tale,

248.

Marriage, proposed changes in the law
of, 513.

Mississippi Scheme, sketch of the history
of the, 57.

Morell, Mademoiselle de, case of, 768.
Morena of Malaga, the, 756.
Museums at home and abroad, 42.
Music, (the World of London,) 426-
(Things of the Day,) 621.
Narrative of a Journey from Heraut to
Ourenbourg, by Captain Sir Richmond

Shakespear, 691-departure from He-
raut, ib.-his fellow travellers, 693-
his Affghan costume, 690-arrival at
Yellatoon, 696-and at Merve, ib.-
routes to Heraut, 698-a Turcoman
shepherd, 700-arrival at the Oxus,
701 and at Khiva, 702-interviews
with the khan, ib. 703-adventure of
Captain Abbott, 703-meeting with an
Italian, ib.-review of the journey, 704
-Turcoman horses and horsemanship,
705-character and habits of that peo-
ple, 706-character of the khan, 712
departure for Ourenbourg, ib.-and
arrival there, 720.

-

National gallery, the, 421.
Natural, in art, the, 435.
Northern Circuit, the, No. I. introduc-
tion, 193-Samuel Hogginbuck, Chap.
I., 197-Chap. II., 203—Chap.III., 207
-No. II. the Dumpling, Chap. I., 356
-Chap H., 359-Chap. III., 363-
Chap. IV., 366-No. III. introduction,
487 Fluffy Jack, Chap. I., 488-
Chap. II., 492-Chap. III., 497—Chap.
IV., 504-No. IV. introduction, 661-
Chap. I., 662 Chap. II., 665-Chap.
III., 668-Chap. IV., 672.

-

Notes on the fishers of the Scoteh east
coast, 296-their dialect, ib.—their
villages, 297,299-their costume,297—
and personal appearance, 298-their
superstitions, 299—their teenames, 300
-Anecdotes of them, 301-their ha-
bits, 302 prevalence of smuggling
among them, 304.
Nunneries, 623.

Ode on the ceremonial at Windsor, by
B. Simmons, 531.
Oracles, the pagan, 277.

Ourenbourg, narrative of a journey to, 691.
Over the channel, 159.
Pagan oracles, the, 277.

Paris, chronicles of the Cité of, 87.

Parks and gardens of London, the, 380.
Parliament, the new houses of, thoughts

on the modes of ornamenting, 388—
objections to fresco, ib.- and to oil
painting on the walls, 389-objections
to exclusively historical paintings, 389,
391-defence of Hogarth, 390-sub-
jects suggested, 395.

Passages in the career of El Empecinado.
Part I., 521.-Part II., La Morena de
Malaga, 756.

Photography, 517.

Pisa, 44-its museum, 46-its botanic
garden, 47.

Poor laws, the, 518.
Poetry-The prisoner of Ghent, by B.
Simmons, 98-The legend of St Rosalie,
by Delta, 101-De Cresci, 242-" "Tis
hard to die in spring," 332-Ode on the
ceremonial at Windsor, by B. Sim-
mons, 531- ballad "A health to
thee," by the same, 534-To HB., by
the author of the life of Burke, &c.
535-Cleobis and Biton, a story from
Herodotus, 536-Translation of Ho-
mer's hymn to Aphrodite,. 579-The
evening walk, 653.

-

Popular delusions, Mackay's memoirs of,
reviewed, 51.

Portraits of Versailles, the, 323.

Prior, James, Esq., lines to HB. by, 535.
Prisoner of Ghent, the, by B. Simmons,
98.

Problem in the law of circumstantial evi-
dence, 553.

Protestantism in Geneva, 162-effects of
the works of Turretini on, ib.-its
Socinian character, 655-effects of its
former Calvinistic character in pro-
ducing this, 171.

Prussian monarchy, rise and progress of
the, 333.

Q. Q. Q, letter from, to Christopher
North, 553.

Railway accident at Versailles, the, 794.
Ramble on the Downs, a, 156.

Recreations of the Londoners, the, 370.
Rencontre in St Peter's, a, 347.
Roadside sketches, 153-a ramble on the

Downs, 156-over the Channel, 159.
Roamings in Rome, a rencontre in St
Peter's, 347-a Roman execution un-
der Gregory XVI., 348-the Fuocista,
350-the Catherine wheel, 352-the
Villa Medici, 354.
Roden, Lord, 150.

Roman execution under Gregory XVI., a,
348.

Rome, roamings in, 347.

Ronciere, Emil de la, trial of, 768.

St Rosalie, the legend of, by Delta, 101.
Savoyards in London, 24.
Science and agriculture, 738.
Shakespear, Sir Richmond, narrative by,
of a journey from Heraut to Ourenhourg,
691.

Simmons, B., poems by, the Prisoner of
Ghent, 98-ode on the ceremonial at
Windsor, 531-ballad, "A health to
thee," 534.

Sketches, roadside, 153.

Sketches of Italy, No. III. Galley slaves,
Leghorn, 40-museums at home and
abroad, 42-zoological gardens, ib.-
Pisa, 44-its museum, 46-its botanic
garden, 47-the Florence museum, 48

of Hogarth, 390-subjects suggested,

395.

"'Tis hard to die in spring," a poem,

332.

To H., by the author of the life of
Burke, 535.

-the birds in it, 49-the snake room,
50. No. IV. approach to Venice, 721
Venice, 723-its prisons, 724- the
society of St Rock, 726-travellers in
Italy, 728-St George's, 729-Napo-
leon's acacia garden, 730-St Marc's,
732-the pictures in, ib.-the armou-
ry, 733-bead manufactory, 734-the
regatta, 735-the Armenian convent,
737-the bridge of sighs, 738,
Slave trade, the, 47.
Spaniards in London, 25.

Spy, the, a tale of the Carlist war, 33.
Steam, future progress and results of,
636.

Style, specimens of, from the daily press,
516.

Sympathizers, the American, 143.

Ten years of the Whigs, Part I., 130-
effects of the last French revolution on
their prospects, 131-their accession to
power in 1830, 133-they introduce the
Reform Bill, 134-and the Irish Coer-
cion Bill, 139-secession of Lords Grey,
Stanley, &c. from them, 140-formation
of the Melbourne ministry, ib.-Part II.,
258-they withdraw the Coercion bill,
259-their resignation, 260-their at-
tack on the Irish establishment, 262-
debate on their proposed Appropriation
clause, 265-they re-enter office, 268
-their coalition with O'Connell, 269
-they abandon the Appropriation
clause, 272-275-their final resigna-
tion, 276.

Thames Tunnel, the, 782.

Theatres, the London, 431, 639.
Things of the day, No. I., the libel law,
141-sympathizers, 143-banks, 146—
the slave trade, 147--Lord Roden, 150.
No. II., the army, 398-the Church of
England, 400-Circassia, 405--Eng-
lish agriculture, 406-the Corn laws,
414. No. III., Dost Mohammed, 506
-Ireland, 509-cemeteries, 510-the
earthquake, 511-marriage, 513-
style, 516-photography, 517-poor
laws, 518. No. IV., music, 621-nun-
neries, 623-bibliomania, 624- Dr
Dee, 626-Circassia, 629-copyright,
634-steam, 636-Part V., the Thames
Tunnel, 782-Madame D'Arblay, 784
-the Railway, 794-Hamburg, 797.
Thoughts on the modes of ornamenting
the new Houses of Parliament, 388-
objections to fresco, ib.-to oil paint-
ing on the walls, 389-and to exclu-
sively historical subjects, 391-defence

Venice, sketches of, 721.

Venus, Homer's hymn to, translated, 579.
Verdict of a French jury, the, a trial in
1834, 768.

Versailles, the portraits of, 323-the rail-
way accident at, 794.

Villa Medici, the, 354.

Villiers, Mr, exposure of his fallacies on
the Corn question, 546.
Westminster Abbey, 648.

Whigs, ten years of the, Part I., 130—
effects of the last French revolution on
their prospects, 131-their accession to
power in 1830,133-they introduce the
Reform bill,134—and the Irish Coercion
bill, 139-secession of Lord Grey, Sir
James Graham, &c. from them, 140-
formation of the Melbourne ministry,
ib. Part II. 258-they withdraw the
Coercion bill, 259-and resign, 260-
their Irish appropriation clause, 263—
debate on it, 265-they return to power,
268-their compact with O'Connell,
269-abandon the appropriation clause,
272, 275—their final resignation, 276.
Who is the murderer? a problem in the

law of circumstantial evidence, 553.
World of London, the, Part VIII., fo-
reigners in London, French, 22-Ita-
lian, 23-Savoyards, 24- Spaniards,
Germans, and Americans, 25-Jews,
26-Gipsies, 31. Part IX., homeless
people, 173-homeless great people,
174-club people, 176—parlour people,
177-dinnerless homeless people, 185
utterly homeless people, 190. Part X.,
London recreations, 370-social relax-
ations, 373-going in state, 375-the
parks and gardens, 380-the fairs, 384
-the Derby day, 386. Part XI., 417
-exhibitions, 419-the British mu-
seum, 420-the National gallery, 421
-zoological society's exhibition, 424-
horticultural exhibitions, 425-music.
426-the Italian opera, 429--the thea-
tres, 431. Part XII. theatricals, 639-
Westminster abbey and the Tower, 648
killed, wounded, and missing, 650.
Zoological gardens, foreign, 42.

don, 424.

society's exhibitions, the Lon-