Calcutta 79,23.96,572 86,01,84,677 86,30,96,389 84, 69, 70, 182 93, 60, 64, 039 Bombay 56,46, 88,280 53, 46,35,453 66,12,60,905 65,96,44,744 78, 69,65,450 Rangoon 12,17,67,575 13,96,82,716 14,16,73,409 17,40,72,658 24,13,14,4141 Madras 9,65,34,803 11,00,93,034 10,51,02,154 10,79,85,782 18,74,05,243 Karachi 10,55,04,708 7,87,94,651 15,29,86, 418 13,18,11,333 22,60,79,606 Tuticorin 2,04,40,157 2,46,81,687 2,62,05,482 2,85,14,722 3,13,03,160 Of the total imports of merchandise Rs. 70,70,25,359 in value came through the Suez Canal, and of the exports Rs. 100,11,34,305 in value went through the Suez Canal. ́ In addition to the sea-borne trade as above, there is a considerable transfrontier land-trade. The following table shows the value, in rupees, of the land-trade (excluding treasure, the figures for which are untrustworthy), during three years ending March 31, 1904 : The following table shows the value of the trade (excluding treasure), in rupees, with the leading trans-frontier countries in the last three years ending March 31 :— The total value of the coasting trade in 1903-04 was Rs. 72,49,97,856 in imports and exports, apart from Government stores and Government treasure. Shipping and Navigation. The following table shows for five years the number and tonnage of vessels engaged in the foreign trade which entered and cleared at ports in British India : 4,395 4,470,348 4,232 4,225,242 4,495 4,955,539 4,561 5,481,641 4,863 6,330,049 4,133 4,157,138 4,070 4,044, 188 4,118 4,669,778 4,528 5,444,919 4,667 6,229,211 8,528 8,627,486 8,302 8,269,430 8,613 9,625,317 9,089 10,926,560 9,530 12,559,260 The following gives the number and tonnage of steam vessels which entered and cleared Indian ports rid the Suez Canal during the years indicated: The number of vessels which entered with cargoes in the interportal trade in 1902-03, 99, 441 of 11,849,389 tons; and in 1903-04, 101, 833 of 12,923,695 tons; and cleared in 1902-03, 86,249 of 11,796,284 tons; and in 1908-04, 88,570 of 12,868,702 tons. For the year 1903-04, 97 vessels of 4,401 tonnage were built at Indian ports; 50 of the vessels in Bombay, 27 in Madras; and 12 in Sind. The following table compares the number and tonnage of all the vessels built and of those first registered at Indian ports for six years : Built 68 3,427 63 2,949 86 4,540 115 4,833 99 3,591 97 4,401 106 7,686 103 12,558 122 12,207 162 10,964 152 12,055 170 15,916 The following table shows approximately the length in miles of roads maintained by public authorities throughout the country : The Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Indus, and the Irawadi, with some of their branches, are largely used for inland traffic. In Southern India, especially, canals are an important means of communication. Railways, however, are now rapidly spreading all over the Peninsula. II. RAILWAYS. The rate of progress in each of the last seventeen years in opening out railway communications in India will be apparent from the following figures : The total length of railway open on December 31, 1902, was owned as (c) District Boards 144 (d) receiving land only from the Government of India 1,095 By unassisted Companies By Native States 42 3,264 By Foreign States Total 74 26,956 The gauges of the Indian railways are: (1) The Standard, or 5ft. 6in. ; (2) The Metre, or 3ft. 3ĝin.; and (3) The Special gauges of 2ft. 6in. and 2ft. The total capital expenditure on Indian Railways up to the end of 1903, including lines under construction and survey, &c., amounted Rs. 3,44,59,38,000 allocated as follows: (c) District Boards 65,77,000 (d) Receiving land only from the Government of India 8,95,37,000 terchanged with main lines to 1 Excluding the These-Depak Halvay a Lessons of naked male s recorded. Up to the end of 1903 the total amount of aptal masel by the various Guaranteed Railway Companies was 52,364. a State lines leased to companies 33,558, J061%, or a total amount of 61.802725), is down below. The gross earnings on all railways during 1913 amounted to Rs. 36.00, 82, 000 against Rs. 33,92,69,099 during 1852. During 1913 the number of passengers carried was 210,231,000, the coaching earnings being Rs. 12,54.40,000, and the passenger mileage 8,388,567 000; while during 1972, 196,648,000 passengers were carried, the coaching earnings being Rs. 11,75,08,000, and passenger mileage 7,871,539,000 miles. The aggregate tonnage of goods, material, and live stock carried during 1903 was 47,654,000 tons, which earned Rs. 22,41,92,000, the ton-mileage being 7,626,967,000. In 1902 the corresponding totals were 45,537,000 tons, with an earning of Rs. 21,23,41,000, and a ton-mileage of 7,172,628,000. The total working expenses amounted in 1903 to Rs. 17,11,09,000, or 47:52 • per cent. of the gross earnings; as compared with Rs. 16,70,49,000, or 49-24 per cent., in 1902. The net earnings realised were Rs. 18,89,73,000 against Rs. 17,22,20,000 in 1902, giving an average return on the capital expenditure on open lines, including steamboat services and suspense account, of 5.54 per cent. against 4.92 per cent. in the previous year. III. POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS. In 1903 there were 45,807 post-offices and boxes, against 753 in 1856In the fiscal year ended March 31, 1903, the number of letters, postcards, and money-orders which passed through the post-offices of British India was 536,426,689; of newspapers 32,558,182 ; of parcels 3,472,338; and of packets |