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Keane (A. H.), Asia. London, 1895.

Keene (H. G.), History of India. 2 vols. London, 1893.

Latif (S. M.), History of the Punjab. London, 1896.

Lawrence (W. R.), The Vale of Kashinir. Oxford, 1895.

Lee-Warner (W.), The Protected Princes of India. London, 1894.

Letters received by the East India Company from its Servants in the East. Vols. I.-VI. London, 1896-1902.

Lilly (W. S.), India and its Problems. London, 1902.

Low (Charles Rathbone), The History of the Indian Navy. 2 vols. 8. London, 1878. Lethbridge (Sir R.), The Golden Book of India. 8. London, 1893.

Lyall (Sir A.), The Rise of British Dominion in India. London, 1893.

Mahon (Lord), Rise of our Indian Empire. 8. London, 1858.

Marshman (John Clarke), The History of India, from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration. 3 vols. 8. London, 1867-70.

Métin (A.) Colonies et Dépendances de l'Angleterre (1815-47); L'Empire Colonial Anglais (1848-70), Colonies et Dependances du Royaume-Uni depuis 1870. Vols. X., XI. and XII. of 'Histoire Generale.' Paris, 1899-1900.-L'Inde d'aujourd'hui. Paris, 1903. Morison (Theodore), Imperial Rule in India. London, 1899.

Murray's Handbook for Travellers in India, Ceylon, and Burma.

London, 1901.-Imperial Guide to India. London, 1904.
Neve (A.), Picturesque Kashmir. Edinburgh, 1900.

Nisbet (J.), Burmah under British Rule-and Before. London, 1901.
Connor (V. C. S.), The Silken East (Burma). 2 vols. London, 1904.

Oman (J. C.), The Mystics, Ascetics, and Saints of India. London, 1903.

Padfield (J. E.), The Hindu at Home. 8. London, 1896.

4th Edition.

Penny (F.), The Church in Madras. (XVII. and XVIII. centuries). London, 1904. Phayre (Sir Arthur), History of Burma. London, 1883.

Probyn (L. C.), Indian Coinage and Currency. London, 1897.

Rait (R. S.), Life and Campaigns of Hugh, first Viscount Gough. London, 1903.

Ravenstein (E. G.), Gazetteer of India. London, 1900.

Reclus (Elisée), Géographie universelle. L'Inde et l'Indo-Chine. Paris, 1883.

Rigby (G. C.), History of the Operations in Northern Arakan and the Yawdwin Chin Hills, 1896-97. Rangoon, 1897.

Roberts (Field Marshal Lord), Forty-one Years in India, from Subaltern to Commanderin-chief. London, 1897.

Robertson (Sir G. C. S.), The Kafirs of the Hindu-Kush. London, 1896.-Chitral: The Story of a Minor Siege. London, 1898.

Rousselet (L.), India and its Native Princes. 4. London, 1876.

Sherring (Rev. M.A.), History of Protestant Missions in India. 8. 2nd edit. London, 1884. Smith (Dr. G.), Short History of Christian Missions. Edinburgh, 1886. The Geography of British India, Political and Physical. London, 1882. The Conversion of India (A.D. 193-1893). 8. London, 1894. Twelve Indian Statesmen. 2nd ed. London, 1898.

Smith (R. Bosworth), The Life of Lord Lawrence. London, 1883.

Smith (V. A.), Asoka, the Buddhist Emperor. In "Rulers of India" Series. London, 1901. Steevens (G. W.), In India. London, 1899.

Stokes (Whitley), The Indian Codes. London, 1888-91.

Strachey (Sir John), India: Its Administration and Progress. 3rd ed. London, 1903.

Temple (Sir R.), Men and Events of my Time in India. London, 1882.

Thornton (T. H.), General Sir Richard Meade and the Feudatory States of Central and Southern India. London, 1898.

Todd (Col. J.), The Antiquities of Rajasthan. London, 1823.

Townsend (M.), Asia and Europe. London, 1901.

Townsend (M.), and Smith (G.), Annals of Indian Administration, 1856-75. 19 vols. Serampore and Calcutta.

Tupper (C. L.), Our Indian Empire. 8. London, 1893.

Waddell (L. A.), Among the Himalayas. London, 1900.

Warburton (Sir R.), Eighteen Years in the Khyber (1879-98). London, 1900.

Watson (J. Forbes), and Kaye (Jn. Wm.), The People of India: a Series of Photographic Illustrations, with descriptive letterpress, of the Races and Tribes of Hindustan. 4 vols. Imp. 4. London, 1866-70.

Webber (T. W.), The Forests of Upper India and their Inhabitants. London, 1902. Wheeler (J. Talboys), The History of India from the Earliest Ages. 4 vols. S. London, 1874-76. A Short History of India. London, 1880.

Wilkins (W. J.), Modern Hinduisms (in Northern India). London, 1900.

Williams (Sir Monier), Modern India and the Indians. 8. London, 1879.

Williams (Sir Monier), Religious Thought and Life in India. London, 1883.
Wilson (H. M.), Irrigation in India. 2d. ed. Washington, D. C. 1903.

Workman (Fanny B. and W. H.), In the Ice-World of the Himalayas. London, 1901.— Through Town and Jungle. London, 1904.

Yoe (Shway), The Burman, his Life and Notions. 2nd ed. London, 1896.

The Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Indus, and the Irawadi, with some of their branches, are largely used for inland traffic. In Southern India, especially, canals are an important means of communication. Railways, however, are now rapidly spreading all over the Peninsula.

II. RAILWAYS.

The rate of progress in each of the last seventeen years in opening out railway communications in India will be apparent from the following figures:

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16,401 1894

17,815 1896 20,254 1889 15,887 1893 18,504 1897 1890

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18,900 1898

1900 21,115 1901 22,040 1902

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24,752

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25,363

25,931

1891 17,308 1895 19,547 1899 23,523 1903

The total length of railway open on December 31, 1902, was owned as follows:

26,956

Miles.

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District Boards

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(d) receiving land only from the Government of India

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The gauges of the Indian railways are: (1) The Standard, or 5ft. 6in.; (2) The Metre, or 3ft. 3ĝin.; and (3) The Special gauges of 2ft. 6in. and 2ft. The total capital expenditure on Indian Railways up to the end of 1903, including lines under construction and survey, &c., Rs. 3,44,59,38,000 allocated as follows:

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(d) Receiving land only from the Government of India

8,95,37,000

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1 Excluding the Thaton-Duyinzaik Railway on account of which no capital outlay is recorded.

Up to the end of 1903 the total amount of capital raised by the various Guaranteed Railway Companies was 22,364,7137., and for State lines leased to companies 33,558,0067., or a total amount of 55,922,7197., as shown below.

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The gross earnings on all railways during 1903 amounted to Rs. 36,00,82,000 against Rs. 33,92,69,000 during 1902. During 1903 the number of passengers carried was 210,231,000, the coaching earnings being Rs. 12,54,40,000, and the passenger mileage 8,388,567 000; while during 1902, 196,648,000 passengers were carried, the coaching earnings being Rs. 11,75,08,000, and passenger mileage 7,871,539,000 miles.

The aggregate tonnage of goods, material, and live stock carried during 1903 was 47,684,000 tons, which earned Rs. 22,41,92,000, the ton-mileage being 7,626,967,000. In 1902 the corresponding totals were 45,537,000 tons, with an earning of Rs. 21,23,41,000, and a ton-mileage of 7,172,628,000.

The total working expenses amounted in 1903 to Rs. 17,11,09,000, or 47 52 per cent. of the gross earnings; as compared with Rs. 16,70,49,000, or 49 24 per cent., in 1902.

The net earnings realised were Rs. 18,89,73,000 against Rs. 17,22,20,000 in 1902, giving an average return on the capital expenditure on open lines, including steamboat services and suspense account, of 5.54 per cent. against 4.92 per cent. in the previous year.

III. POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS.

In 1903 there were 45,807 post-offices and boxes, against 753 in 1856In the fiscal year ended March 31, 1903, the number of letters, postcards, and money-orders which passed through the post-offices of British India was 536,426,689; of newspapers 32,558,182; of parcels 3,472,338; and of packets

32,708,771; being a total of 605,165,980. The following table gives the number of letters, newspapers, &c., carried, and the number of offices and receiving houses, together with the total revenue and expenditure (in rupees) of the Post Office in each of the five fiscal years 1899 to 1903 :

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In the fiscal year ending March 1870, the mails travelled over 50,281 miles, of which total 40,586 miles was done by boats and 'runners,' 5,460 miles by carts and on horseback, and 4,235 miles by railways. In the fiscal year ending March 31, 1903, the mails travelled over 139,814 miles, of which total 107,470 miles was done by steamers, boats and 'runners,' 8,077 miles by carts and on horseback, and 24,267 miles by railways.

The following table shows the mileage of Government telegraph lines in India, and the number of messages sent, together with the charges on and receipts from all paid messages (including those sent by the Indo-European Telegraph and Persian Gulf Section) :

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There were 2,051 telegraph offices in India on March 31, 1903.

Money and Credit.

The total value of the silver and copper coined in British India from 1835-36 to 1903-1904 inclusive has been Rs. 4,54,25,21,141, including Rs. 35, 24, 40, 293, the value of 155,322,241 British dollars, Rs. 3,40,58,805, the value of 15,009,891 Straits dollars, and Rs. 60,88,838 representing the value of cents and fractions thereof; the heaviest coinage in any one year being Rs. 21,02,63,932, during 1903-1904. In the five financial years from 1899-1900 to 1903-04, the value (in rupees) of the money coined at the two Indian mints (Calcutta and Bombay) was as follows:

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Includes Rs. 6,97,59,048 on account of the manufacture of British dollars in the Bombay Mint, in pursuance of the terms of an agreement made on the 14th December, 1894, between the Secretary of State for India and the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China. The dollars were struck for use in Hong Kong and the Straits Settlements.

2 Includes Rs. 8,24,525 and Rs. 2,06,63,723 on account of the manufacture of British dollars in the Calcutta and Boinbay Mints respectively.

3 Includes Rs. 34.34,698 and Rs. 5,82.81,530 on account of the manufacture of British dollars in the Calcutta and Bombay Mints respectively.

4 Includes Rs. 28,74,078 and Rs. 6,89,90,562 on account of the manufacture of British dollars in the Calcutta and Bombay Mints respectively.

5 Includes Rs. 89,75,722 on account of the manufacture of British dollars, and Rs. 3,40,58,805 on account of the manufacture of Straits dollars for the Government of the Straits Settlements. By an Order in Council of June 25, 1903, the coinage of these dollars, at either of the Indian Mints, was sanctioned. The agreement with the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China for the coinage of British dollars terminated on December 10, 1903.

From 1835 to the 26th June, 1893, the standard of value was the silver rupee (containing 165 grains of fine silver and 15 grains of alloy), which was freely coined for the public. Down to 1891-92 gold was also coined in small quantities in the form of mohurs.

In 1892-93 the gold price of silver fell below 39 pence per ounce, and the exchange value of the rupee fell below 1s. 3d. In view of the increasing embarrassment of the finances, and the inconvenience and impediments to trade, caused by the fluctuations in the rate of exchange between India and England, a Committee, under the presidency of the Lord Chancellor, was appointed to consider what remedial measures should be adopted.

In accordance with the recommendation of this Committee, a Bill providing for the closing of the Indian Mints to the unrestricted coinage of silver for the public was introduced in the Legislative Council of the Governor General on June 26, 1893, and passed into law on the same day, as Act VIII. of 1893. Notifications were issued simultaneously providing (1) for the receipt of gold coin and gold bullion at the Mints in exchange for rupees at a ratio of 1s. 4d. per rupee; (2) for the receipt of Sovereigns and half-sovereigns of current weight at treasuries, in payment of Government dues, at the rate of fifteen rupees for a sovereign and seven and a half rupees for a half-sovereign; and (3) for the issue of currency notes in Calcutta and Bombay in exchange for gold coin or gold bullion at the rate of one Government rupee for 1s. 4d. By a Notification of the 11th September, 1897, sovereigns and half-sovereigns of current weight are also received at the Reserve Treasuries, and rupees are issued in exchange at the rate of Rs. 15 for the sovereign.

Proposals were made by the Government of India in March, 1898, for further steps for the establishment of a gold standard for India on the basis

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