The kati of 1 lb. is known as the Chinese kati. Another weight, known as the Malay kati, and still in partial use in Penang, is equal to the weight of 24 Spanish dollars, or 9.984 grains. This gives 142 628 lbs. as the weight of the picul, and 5,705 143 lbs. as the weight of the koyan. The measures of capacity throughout the colony are the gantang or gallon, and chupak or quart.

THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES.

The Federated Malay States of Perak, Sělángor, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang, which occupy a large portion of the Malay Peninsula, are under British protection.

Resident-General for the Federated Malay States. -Sir William Hood Treacher, K.C. M. G., appointed, 1901.

In Perak, Sělángor, and Sungei Ujong, which State was, in 1895, amalgamated with the Federal State of Negri Sembilan, Residents were appointed in 1874, with a staff of European officers whose duty is to aid the native rulers by advice, and to exercise executive functions. The supreme

authority in each State is vested in the State Council, consisting of the highest native authorities and the principal British officials. The Residents are under the Resident General and High Commissioner for the Federated Malay States.

In 1883 the relations of the Straits Settlements with the small Native States on the frontier of Malacca were consolidated. These States were confederated in 1889, under the name of Negri Sembilan. In January, 1895, Sungei Ujong (including Jelebu, which had been administered by a Collector and Magistrate under the Resident of Sungei Ujong since 1888) and Negri Sembilan were placed under one Resident; and in July, 1895, a treaty was signed by which the administrations were amalgamated. The new federation, which retains the ancient name of Negri Sembilan (i.e. Nine States) comprises the states of Sungei Ujong, Sri Menanti, Johol, Jelebu, Rembau and Tampin. In 1887, by agreement with the Raja of Pahang, the control of his foreign relations, &c., was surrendered to the British Government. This was followed by a further agreement in 1888 with the Raja (now styled Sultan), under which Pahang was taken under British protection, on the same terms as the Protected Native States on the west coast of the peninsula. Pahang is situate on the east coast, within 200 miles by sea from Singapore. In July, 1896, the treaty between the four Protected Native States, Perak, Sělángor, Pahang, and Negri Sembilan, and the British Government came into force by which the administrative federation of these States under a Resident General is provided for, and the States agree to furnish a contingent of troops for service in the Colony should His Majesty's Government be at war with any foreign nation.

The areas of these States, in square miles, are :-Perak, 6,580; Sělángor, 3,200; Negri Sembilan, 2,600; Pahang, 14,000; total, 26,380. Perak, by recent agreement with Siam, is extended by about 500 square miles.

A census of the States was taken in 1901, with the following results: Perak, 329,665 (239,556 males and 90,109 females); Sělángor, 168,789 (136,823 males and 31,966 females); Negri Sembilan, 96,028 (64,565 males and 31,463 females); Pahang, 84,1131 (46,746 males and 35,970 females); total, 678,595. The population contained 312,486 Malays, 299, 739 Chinese,

1 Including 1,397 Sakais enumerated without details as to sex.

58,211 natives of India, 1,422 Europeans and Americans, and 1,522 Eurasians. The preponderance of males over females is due to the number of Chinese immigrants. The largest town in the States is Kuala Lumpor (in Selangor) with 32,381 inhabitants.

The full strength of the Malay States Guides is 13 European officers and 791 Native officers, non-commissioned officers and men. The total police force comprises 2,269 men, including 41 European officers and inspectors, besides 95 detectives.

In addition to numerous Government vernacular schools in the Federated Malay States, English schools, both for boys and girls, are maintained in Perak, Sělángor, and Negri Sembilan. In 1903 there were 237 vernacular and State-aided schools, with 12,662 scholars.

The law in force in each State of the Federation is contained in local enactments passed by the State Councils. Most of the Regulations and Orders in Council passed previous to the Federation in 1896 have now been repealed. There is a Judicial Commissioner for all the States. In addition there are a number of magistrates, graded according to their seniority and standing: (1) Court of the Senior Magistrates; (2) Courts of Magistrates of the 1st and 2nd class, and Native Courts for deciding petty cases. number of criminals in the prisons of the States on December 31, 1903, was 1,475.

The

The revenue and expenditure of the States were as follows for 1902 and 1903:

Estimated revenue in 1904 was 20,248,572 dollars. Leading items of revenue in 1903 were-land revenue, 915,412 dollars (including land sales); railway receipts, 3,620,676 dollars; post and telegraphs, 278,715 dollars; tin duty, 9,593,270 dollars; licences, 3,653,051 dollars; and of expenditurepersonal emoluments, 3,630,644 dollars; railways (including construction, 1,672,505 dollars), 4,601,135 dollars; public works, 4,493,974 dollars.

Debt of Pahang, to the other States of the Federation, 3,891,003 dollars. In 1899 a loan to the Malay States of 500,000l. from the British Government for railways was authorised; but the sanctioned loan was not required, the railway construction works being provided out of current revenue.

Liberian coffee and rubber are cultivated in Perak, Sělángor, Sungei Ujong, Negri Sembilan, and Johore. Coffee, pepper, sugar and rice are exported from Perak; gambier and pepper are grown in Negri Sembilan, Selangor, and Johore; tapioca in Sungei Ujong and Negri Sembilan. The forests produce excellent timbers, besides gutta percha, oils, resins, canes, and a great variety of fruit. The duty on the export of tin forms the largest item of the revenue of the States on the West Coast. In 1903 the tin export from Perak amounted to 25,949 tons, from Sělángor 17,420 tons, from Negri Sembilan 5,089 tons, and from Pahang, 1,504 tons. Gold is found in and exported from Pahang, Negri Sembilan, and Perak. In 1903, 12,441 ounces

of gold were exported from Pahang. In Perak, besides gold and tin, many minerals are found, including lead, iron, copper, bismuth, mercury, arsenic, manganese, plumbago, silver, and zinc.

In the Protected States import duties are levied only on opium, spirituous liquors, vermouth, and Asiatic tobacco. The trade of the States (including inter-State trade) was as follows in 1903 :

There are in the 4 States 2,475 miles of cart road. The total length of railways open at the end of 1903 was, in Perak, 190 miles; in Sělángor, 108 miles; in Negri Sembilan, 19 miles (Government) and 24 miles (private company); total, 3414 miles, besides 23 miles in Province Wellesley, which is part of the F. M.S. Government Railway. The lines connect the principal mining centres with the sea and river ports. About 64 miles of line is under construction. All the lines have a gauge of 1 metre., In the 4 States are 1,691 miles of telegraph and telephone wire under the Post Office department, the postal receipts in 1903 being to the amount of 278,715 dollars. The current money consists of Straits Settlements dollars with subsidiary silver and copper coins. Currency notes and bank notes also circulate.

The State of Johore (area 9,000 square miles, estimated population 200,000), at the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula, is, in its foreign relations, controlled by Great Britain, in virtue of a treaty of 1885. The Sultan is H.H. Ibrahim, under whom the country is administered by district headmen. The revenue is chiefly from import and export duties. Imports are opium, spirits, tobacco, rice, hardware, Manchester goods, &c. Exports are gambier, pepper, sago, tea, coffee, gutta percha, &c. The population is chiefly Malay and Chinese. Chief Town, Johore Bahru, 15 miles N. of Singapore. Cocos or Keeling Islands, group of about 20 small coral islands, about 700 miles S. W. of Sumatra, and 1,200 miles S. W. of Singapore. The islands were formally annexed to England in 1857, placed under the Governor of the Straits Settlements by Letters Patent in 1886, and formally annexed to the Colony in 1903. An official from Singapore annually pays a visit of inspection. Population (1904), 640, of whom two were European, 571 Cocos islanders, and 67 Bantamese. There are facilities for education but, in 1903, the school was attended by only 4 boys, though the population between 5 and 15 years of age comprised 78 boys and 95 girls. Coco-nut trees flourish on the islands, about 7,000,000 nuts being gathered annually. The yearly export of copra is about 780 tons. The pests of the islands are rats and beetles which destroy the trees. Occasionally there are severe cyclones. The Eastern Extension Telegraph Company has a permanent staff in the islands. There is no coin current among the natives but only sheep-skin notes worth five-sixths of a Dutch guilder (20d.) amounting in 1902 to 702 Cocos guilders.

Christmas Island is 200 miles S. W. of Java, and 700 miles E. of Keeling Islands. It is 9 miles long and about the same wide. It was added to the colony by Letters Patent in January 1889, and was formally annexed to the settlement of Singapore in 1900. The island has considerable importance owing to the working of the enormous phosphate deposits, lump and granular,

a strip of territory forming part of the Settlement of Penang, averaging eight miles in width, and extending forty-five miles along the coast, including ten miles of territory to the south of the Krian, the whole containing an area of 270 square miles. The chief town of Penang is George Town. Off the coast of Perak is the small island of Pangkor, which, together with a small strip of the opposite mainland, has been acquired as British territory, the whole being known as the Dindings. Malacca is situated on the western coast of the peninsula between Singapore and Penang-about 110 miles from the former and 240 from the latter-and consists of a strip of territory about forty-two miles in length, and from eight to twenty-four and a half miles in breadth. In 1903 the Cocos or Keeling Islands were formally annexed to the Colony.

The following figures give the numbers in the several Settlements, inclusive of the military, at the census, 1901, and the general results of the census of Under Penang are included Province Wellesley and the Dindings:

1891.

Singapore

Penang

Malacca

Totals

In 1901 there were in the Settlements 215,058 Malays, 281,933 Chinese,

and 57,150 natives of India.

The births and deaths in 1903 were as follows:

In 1903, 220,321 Chinese immigrants landed in the colony, as against 207,156 in 1902. The total number of Indian immigrants in 1903 was 22,053, against 18,675 in 1902, and 18,421 in 1892. Of the total 572 weie under indenture. The number returned to India in 1903 was 16,868 adults, and 964 minors.

Instruction.

Instruction, which is not yet compulsory throughout the colony, is partly supported by the Government in the case of grant-in-aid schools, and wholly supported by the Government in the case of Government English and Govern ment Vernacular Schools. There is an Ordinance in force in Malacca for the compulsory attendance of boys living within a certain radius of a school, where free instruction is given in their own language. This Ordinance was extended to Province Wellesley in 1904.

The numbers of schools and pupils were as follows in 1903 :

:

There is a training college for Malay teachers in Malacca.

Justice and Crime.

The law in force is contained in local ordinances and in such English and Indian Acts and Orders in Council as are applicable to the colony. The Indian Penal Code, with slight alterations, has been adopted, and there is a Civil Procedure Code based on the English Judicature Acts. There is a Supreme Court which holds assizes at Singapore and Penang every two months, and quarterly at Malacca, and which holds civil sittings monthly at Singapore and Penang, and once or twice a quarter at Malacca.

There are, besides, police and marine magistrates' courts. The total convictions before the Superior Courts in 1903 was 449; before the other courts 47,009. The police force numbered 2,004 of all ranks in 1903, of whom 86 were Europeans. The number of criminal prisoners admitted to the gaols in 1903 was 5,995.

Finance.

The public revenue and expenditure of the colony for 1892 and each of the last five years were as follows :

The estimated revenue for 1904 was 11,928,742 dollars. The leading items of revenue in 1903 were-stamps, 504,517 dollars; licences, 4,856,162 dollars; land revenue, 361,628 dollars; port and harbour dues, 262,922 dollars; postage, 455,502 dollars; and of expenditure-salaries, 2,488,697 dollars public works, 1,462,718 dollars; education, 178,987 dollars; police, 481,130 dollars; marine department, 165,870 dollars; transport, 19,262 dollars; military expenditure, 1,502,616 dollars.

The revenue in 1903 was derived as follows:-Singapore, 4,983,718 dollars; Penang, 2,451,646 dollars; Malacca, 523,132 dollars. 1904, amounted to

The total assets of the colony, January 1, 20,284,877 dollars, and liabilities 18,533,040 dollars.