to the number in 1898 of 4,195,624. The chief pastoral products were :wool, 35,179,900 lbs. ; mohair, 6,707,379 lbs. ; ostrich feathers, 278,167 lbs. ; butter, 2,869,719 lbs. According to results of the census of April 17, 1904, there were in the colony at that date, 1,953,126 head of cattle, 419,018 horses and mules, 11,796,790 sheep, 7,160,321 goats, 385,318 pigs, and 357,893 ostriches.

The sheep-farms of the colony are often of very great extent, from 3,000 to 15,000 acres and upwards: those in tillage are comparatively small. The graziers are, for the most part, proprietors of the farms which they occupy. In 1875 the total number of holdings was 16,166, comprising 83,900,000 acres; of these 10,766, comprising upwards of 60 million acres, were held on quit-rent.

At the census of 1891 there were 2,230 industrial establishments employing altogether 32,735 persons, having machinery and plant valued at 1,564,8977. and annually producing articles worth 9,238,8707. Among these establishments were flour mills, breweries, tobacco factories, tanneries, and diamond, gold, copper, and coal mines.

Commerce.

Of the total imports in 1903, the value of 9,672,000l. (gross) (including 923, 1897. specie) was duty-free, while the value of 25,013,000l. (gross) was subject to duty. The customs duties amounted to 3,491,9297. or about 13 per cent. of the value of the imports subject to duty.

The values of the total imports and exports, including specie, of Cape Colony and dependencies, in the last five years were as follows:

The following table shows the value of the leading exports of Colonial products in the last five years according to the official Cape Returns :—

The total value (partly estimated) of diamonds exported from 1867 to 1903 was 111,277,5531. The gold given among exports is, with very slight exception, really imported from the Transvaal and Rhodesia, though not included among imports.

The principal imports are textile fabrics, dress, &c., 7,747,1607. ; and food, drinks, &c., 8,533,515l. in 1903.

The trade of the Cape (excluding specie) was distributed as follows during the last four years :—

United King- Imports from 11,052,428 13,802,877 20,994,095 21,510,474 dom Exports to 6,854,175 9,934,950 15,531,477 21,723,715 British Pos-Imports from 2,477,692 3,245,776 3,273,541 2,423,941 sessions 238,047 263,702 224,748 209,674 Imports from 3,631,691 4,367,507 7,841,969 9,827,416 Countries Exports to 554,460 521,127 625,054 568,893

Foreign

Exports to

The value of the imports (of merchandise) and exports (colonial), excluding diamonds sent through by post office, at the leading ports has been as follows:

Cape Town

Port
Nolloth

Port Eliza-
beth

East London Mossel Bay

1902 Imports

1901 Exports

Imports

79,894 10,495,121 5,681,223

398,479

1903 Exports

(Imports

13,157,650
12.525,813

470,874

475,440

Exports 6,449,636 273,367 2,226,039 973,778

68,439 10,521,522 6,866,983 457,190 1,928,979 1,061,169 495,576

All import values are determined from importers' declarations, checked by invoices and bills of charges cand by examination of the goods, if necessary. They represent current values at the places of purchase, including cost of packing and packages, but not including agent's commission if it does not exceed 5 per cent. Export values are determined from exporters' declarations on their bills of entry, subject to such check as may be necessary. They represent the market values at the ports of shipment, including charges for packing. Quantities both of imports and exports are ascertained from bills of entry, subject to such checks as comparison with invoices, &c., and examination of the goods. The origin of imports and destination of exports are shown by the bills of lading, and are respectively the country where the goods were placed on board ship for export to the colony, and the country to which shipment is made. There is no distinction between general, special, and transit trade. All goods entered inwards at the customs are treated as imports into the colony, and all goods shipped from any port in the colony to any country are treated as exports to that country.

The South Africa Customs Union (according to the Convention of August, 1903) com. prises Cape Colony, Natal, the Orange River Colony, the Transvaal, Southern Rhodesia, and the Bechuanaland and Basutoland Protectorates. Within the Union import duties are levied on most articles at the rate of 10 per cent. ad valorem with a rebate of 25 per cent. of such duty on goods the produce or manufacture of the United Kingdom and the Dominion of Canada. But there are many important exceptions. The duty on imported woven goods is usually 10 per cent., but on shawls, rugs, and blankets it is 25 per cent. ad valorem. Imports of toilet soap, perfumes, and a few other articles are similarly taxed, and on many articles (e.g. coal, flour, provisions, tea, coffee, cocoa, sugar, tobacco, wines, spirits, ales) specific duties are levied. There is, however, a long free list, com. prising unwrought metals and many metal manufactures for railways, telegraphs, mining, agriculture, and navigation, as well as many articles of wood for similar purposes. Other free imports are wool, agricultural chemicals, dips, &c., sacks, books, pictures, printing paper.

The value of the trade (including diamonds) with the United Kingdom, during five years is returned by the Board of Trade as follows:

produce to Colony (8,380,547 9,336,711 11,691,663 16,737,847 17,676,375|

In the last five years the imports of wool-sheep and goats'-into the United Kingdom from Cape Colony were as follows:

Among the minor imports into Great Britain from the colony in 1903 were copper ore, of the value of 443,3341.; feathers, chiefly ostrich, of the value of 959,2257.; and skins, hides, and furs, 557,9617. The exports of British produce to the colony comprised mainly apparel and haberdashery, of the value of 2,561,4797. ; cotton manufactures, of the value of 1,096,9157.; iron, wrought and unwrought, 2,517,8717.; leather and saddlery, 1,150,4027. ; machinery and mill work, 1,501,3667.; woollen goods, 882,0451.; coal, 429,54571.; railway carriages, 672,3357.; wood-work, 417,3277.

Shipping and Navigation.

The number of vessels which entered inwards in 1903 was 1,577, of 5,565,484 tons (1,158, of 4,878,825 tons British), and coastwise 1,402, of 5,151,730 tons; the number cleared outwards was 1,644, of 5,690,115 tons (1,180 of 4,942,337 tons British), and coastwise 1,409, of 5,224,782 tons.

Total registered shipping of colony, January 1, 1904 :-Steamers, 47, of 8,639 tons; sailing, 5, of 331 tons; total, 52, of 8,970 tons.

Internal Communications.

The

There are over 8,000 miles of road in the colony proper. On December 31, 1903, the railways open for traffic comprised 2,516 miles of line owned and worked by Government, 588 miles owned by the Rhodesia Railway Company but worked by Government, and 291 miles owned and worked by private companies. At the same date there were 57 miles of line under construction with Government subsidy for private companies. capital expended on Government railways to the end of 1903 was 25,737,1827., showing a cost per mile of 10,2297. The gross earnings in 1903 were 5,329,8681., and expenses 3,898,3267. The number of passengers conveyed in 1903 was 22,295,680, and tonnage of goods, 2,464,276 (of 2,000 lbs.). The Government railways have a 3ft. 6in. gauge, except one line of 47 miles (open for traffic) and one of 179 miles (under construction),

which have a 2ft. gauge. The private lines have a 3ft. 6in. gauge, except the Africa Copper Mining Company's line of 101 miles, which has a 2ft. 6in. gauge.

The number of post-offices in the colony at the end of 1903 was 963; the postal revenue in 1903 amounting to 513,2277., and the expenditure 513,9687. The total number of letters posted in 1903 was 44,086,478, newspapers, 11,062,532, post cards, 1,222,027, books and sample packets, 3,609,652, parcels, 605,735.

The telegraphs in the colony comprised 7,812 miles of line, with 29,774 miles of wire and 528 offices, at the end of 1903. The number of messages sent was 3,946,619 in 1903. The telegraphs were constructed at the expense of the Government. The revenue in 1903 was 260,8987. (exclusive of the value of free work) and expenditure 251,3127.

Banks.

The following are the statistics of the banks under trust laws in the colony :

1 Exclusive of bills issued for collection.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The coins in circulation within the colony are exclusively British. All accounts are kept in pounds, shillings, and pence.

- about 128

The standard weights and measures are British, but the following old Dutch measures are still used:-Liquid Measure: Leaguer imperial gallons; half aum = 15 imperial gallons; anker gallons. Capacity: Muid

= 3 bushels.

=

7 imperial

The general surface measure is the old Amsterdam Morgen, reckoned equal to 2.11654 acres; 1,000 Cape lineal feet are equal to 1,033 British imperial feet.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning the Cape Colony.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Blue-book on Native Affairs. Annual. Cape Town.

The various Blue-books and Correspondence relating to the Cape and South Africa generally, published at intervals by the Home Government.

Cape of Good Hope Statistical Register. Annual. Cape Town.

The Cape of Good Hope Civil Service List, edited by E. F. Ipin, C.M.G. Annual Cape Town.

Results of Census of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, 1891.

Cape Town, 1892.

Colonial Office List. Annual. London.

Financial Statement. Annual. Cape Town.

Report of Director

Illustrated Official Handbook. History, Productions, and Resources of the Cape of Good Hope and South Africa. By J. Noble. London and Cape Town, 1893,

Précis of the Archives of the Cape of Good Hope: Journal, 1699-1732. Edited by H. C. V. Leibbrandt. Cape Town, 1897.

Reports of the various Government Departments. Annual. Cape Town.

Statistical Abstract for the several Colonies and other Possessions of the United King. dom. Annual. London.

Of the voluminous official papers relating to Cape Colony, the following are of historic interest: Reports, &c., of Commissioners on the Government, Finances, &c., at the Cape, 1826-29.-Papers on the Condition and Treatment of the Natives, 1835.-On Representative Government for the Colony, 1846, 1850-53, 1870.--On Kaffraria, 1836-37, 1837-45, 1847-58, 1866, 1874-76.-On Union of the South African Colonies and States under one Government, 1875-78, 1888.-On the Cape and Griqualand West (Diamond Mining, &c.), 1872–76, 1876-77.-On the Zulu War (Cetewayo, &c.). 1878, 1879, 1880. (Detailed lists of these and other documents will be found in the catalogues issued by Messrs. King, Parliamentary Booksellers, Westminster.)

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Argus Annual and South African Directory. Cape Town.

Aubert (G.), L'Afrique du Sud. Paris, 1899.

Brown (A. S. and G. G.), Guide to South Africa.

London, 1894.

Bryce (J.), Impressions of South Africa. 3rd edition. London, 1899.

Bryden (H. A.), The Victorian Era in South Africa. London, 1897.-History of South Africa, 1652-1903. London, 1904.

Burton (A. R. E.), Cape Colony for the Settler. London, 1902.

Campbell (C. T.), British South Africa: A History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, 1795-1825. London, 1897.

Cappon (J.), Britain's Title in South Africa. London, 1901.

Chalmers (R.), A History of Currency in the British Colonies. London, 1893.

Cumming (R. Gordon), The Lion Hnnter of South Africa. 8th edition. London, 1904. Ferryman (A. F. Mockler), Imperial Africa. Vol.III. British South Africa. London, 1898. Fritsch (Dr. Gust), Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika's ethnographisch und anatomisch beschrieben. 4. Breslau, 1872.

Froude (J. A.), Oceana. London, 1886.

Gibbons (A. St. H.), Africa from South to North. 2 vols. London, 1904.

Henkel (C. C.), History, Resources, and Productions of the Country between Cape Colony and Natal. [The Transkeian Territories.] London, 1903.

Hollway (H. C. S.), Bibliography of Books relating to South Africa. In Transactions

of the South African Philosophical Society. Vol. X., Pt. 2. Cape Town, 1898. Holub (Dr. Emil), Seven Years in South Africa. London, 1881.

Johnston (Sir Harry), History of the Colonisation of Africa by Alien Races.

bridge, 1899.

Keane (A. H.), Africa, Vol. II. South Africa. London, 1895.

Kidd (D.), The Essential Kaffir. London, 1904.

Kinsky (Count C.), The Diplomatist's Handbook for Africa. London, 1898.

Knight (E. F.), South Africa after the War. London, 1903.

Cam

Lucas (C. P.), Historical Geography of the British Colonies. Vol. IV. Oxford, 1899. MacNab (F.), On Velt and Farm in Cape Colony, Bechuanaland, Natal and the Transvaal. London, 1897.

Mackenzie (John), Austral Africa; Losing it or Ruling it. 2 vols. London, 1887.

Martineau (John), Life of Sir Bartle Frere. 2 vols. London, 1895.

Molteno (P. A.), Life and Times of Sir J. C. Molteno. 2 vols. London, 1900.

Morgan (B. H.) and others, Reports on South African Trade. 3 vols. London, 1902-03. Nicholson (G.), Fifty Years in South Africa. London, 1898.

Noble (John), The Cape and South Africa. Cape Town, 1878.

Ortroz (F. Van), Conventions Internationales Concervant L'Afrique. Brussels, 1898. Rees (W. L.), Life of Sir George Grey, K.C.B. 2 vols. 8. London, 1893.

Reunert (Th.), Diamonds and Gold in South Africa. 8. London, 1893.

South African Year-Book. London.

Statham (F. R.), Blacks, Boers, and British. London, 1881.

Theal (G. M.), History of South Africa 1486-1872. 5 vols. 8. London, 1888-93.-South Africa. 4th edition. London, 1899.-Progress of South Africa in the Century. Edinburgh, 1902.

Trollope (Anthony), South Africa. 2 vols. 8. London, 1878.

Trotter (Mrs. A. P.), Old Cape Colony. London, 1903.

Wallace (R.), Farming Industries of Cape Colony. 8. London, 1896.

Williams (G. F.), The Diamond Mines of South Africa. London, 1903.

Wilmot (A.). The Story of the Expansion of South Africa. 2nd edition. London, 1897.-Book of South African Industries. Cape Town, 1892.-History of our own Times in South Africa. 2 vols. London, 1898.

Worsfold (W. B.), The Story of South Africa. London, 1898.
Younghusband (F.), South Africa of To-day. London, 1898.