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Area, Population, Religion.

The island of Zanzibar has an area of 640 square miles, and Pemba 380 square miles. The population of the island is estimated at 150,000, and that of the island of Pemba at 50,000. There is a considerable foreign population, mostly engaged in trading. There are about 120 Englishmen, 40 Germans, a few Americans, Frenchmen, Italians, Greeks, and Roumanians, the two latter nationalities being under British protection. There are also about 10,000 British Indian subjects, through whose hands almost the whole trade of Zanzibar and of East Africa passes, directly or indirectly. The town of Zanzibar has a population estimated at 50,000 or 60,000.

Mohammedanism is the religion of the country, most of the natives of the coast and islands being Sunnis of the Shafi school, though many are heathen; while the Sultan and his relatives are schismatics of the Ibadhi sect. There are Christian missions (Church of England, Wesleyan, Independent, and Roman Catholic) on the island and far into the mainland.

There is a French hospital at Zanzibar, attended by French sisters of mercy, and a hospital at the Universities Mission.

Justice.

Justice among the Sultan's subjects, whether accused or defendants, is administered by various 'Cadis.' By a declaration signed December 16, 1892, the Sultan delegated to the British Agent and Consul-General his right to try all cases in which a British subject is plaintiff or accuser, and the defendant or accused is a Zanzibar subject or the subject of a non-Christian state, without a treaty. The British Court has also jurisdiction over all slaves originally freed by his Majesty's Agent and Consul-General, but as the legal status of slavery was abolished on the 6th April, 1897, the relations between master and slave are no longer recognised by the Tribunals. Persons who are still slaves are so from deliberate choice. By an Order in Council, 1902, a Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa was established to sit at Zanzibar or elsewhere, to hear all appeals from the Protectorates of East Africa, Uganda, and British Central Africa. The three judges of the Court at Zanzibar and the High Court Judges of the Protectorates are the members of this Court, and an appeal lies from their decisions to the Privy Council. To the British Court also pertains admiralty jurisdiction with reference to the slave trade, and it is a naval prize court, by virtue of the Zanzibar (Prize Court) Order in Council, 1888.

There is a regular army of about 900 men, including police, under the command of General Raikes.

Finance and Commerce.

The revenue of the Sultanate is mainly derived from customs dues and taxes on produce, chiefly cloves, copra and ivory. Under the present arrangement with England the Sultan's privy purse is kept separate from the general revenue of the country, and the remainder of the revenue is devoted to the charges for police, harbour improvements, and public works. All the public expenditure must receive the sanction of the Sultan and the British Agent and Consul-General.

The chief product of the island is cloves, of which 107,965 cwt. in 1903 were exported. Most of the cloves are grown in Pemba. The cultivation of chillies has not advanced recently, but the preparation of copra is extending. The experiments made by the Goverment in the cultivation of tea and coffee have not been successful, but vanilla shows good results.

Import duties at the rate of 5 per cent. ad valorem are levied on all imports from foreign countries except coal, gunny bags, hides and skins, rubber, copra, ivory, and some other African products which are free. Spirits may be imported only for the use of non-natives. At Pemba all imports are liable to the duty.

The value of imports and exports and the tonnage entered in recent years are stated as follows:

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Until 1900 these figures were made to include the trade between the port of Zanzibar and other ports in the Sultan's dominions, but are now confined to the trade with foreign countries. The chief imports and exports (conversions made at the rate of 15 rupees £) and distribution of trade were as follows in the last two years :

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According to the Board of Trade Returns the imports into the United Kingdom from Zanzibar in 1903 amounted to 133,9477., comprising 37,8167. for ivory; 48,2317. for spices; 15,300l. for rubber, and 11,3671. for gum.

The British domestic exports to Zanzibar amounted to 92,2037., comprising 47,2221. for cottons, and 5,0887. for iron-work.

Zanzibar is visited by the vessels of the British India Steam Navigation Company (from and to Aden); the German East Africa line (from and to Hamburg, &c.); the Messageries Maritimes Company (from and to Marseilles). The island is in direct communication with the United Kingdom by means of the Eastern Telegraph Company's cable.

There is a special coinage issued under the Sultan's authority, of which the Maria Theresa dollar is the unit; but the British Indian rupee is the coin now universally current, though in all business transactions the dollar is the standard of value. The dollar has a fixed value of 2 rupees 2 annas, and the rupee is worth 47 cents.

British Agent and Consul-General.-Basil S. Cave, C. B. (also ConsulGeneral for German East Africa).

Judge.-Lindsey Smith.

Assistant Judge.-Skinner Turner.

2nd Assistant Judge.-J. W. Murison.

Vice-Consuls.-J. H. Sinclair, H C. Venables.
Vice-Consul at Pemba.-D. R. O'Sullivan Beare.

Books of Reference concerning British East Africa.

Correspondence and Further Correspondence relating to Zanzibar. London, 1886-90. Annual Reports of the Administrator of East Africa. London. Reports of H.M. Commissioner in Uganda. Reports on the Mombasa-Victoria Railway. Précis of Information concerning the British East Africa Protectorate and Zanzibar, revised in the Intelligence Division of the War Office. London, 1902. Report by Mr. A. Whyte on his Travels along the Coast-Belt of the British East Africa Protectorate (Africa. No. 3. 1903). East African Slave Trade, Reports, &c., 1870-71, 1872-73, 1887-88, 1890-91; papers and correspondence 1892-96, 1897-99. London.

Foreign Office Reports. Annual Series. London.

Hertslet's Treaties and the Map of Africa, by Treaty. 2nd ed., Vol. II. London, 1897. Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions. London.

Statistical Abstract for the Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom, London.

Ansorge (W. J.), Under the African Sun. [In Uganda.] London, 1899.
Arkell-Hardwick (A.), An Ivory Trader in North Kenia.

London, 1963.

Ashe (Rev. R. P.), Two Kings of Uganda. 2nd ed, London, 1897.

Austin (Major H. H.), Among Swamps and Giants in Equatorial Africa. London, 1902. -With Macdonald in Uganda. London, 1903.

Baumann (Oscar), Durch Masailand zur Nilquelle. 8. Berlin, 1894. Die Insel Sansibar, published by the Verein für Erdkunde. Leipzic, 1897.

Bottego (V.), Viaggi di Scoperto nel Cuore dell' Africa. Il Giuba Esplorato. Rome, 1895. 8. London. 1896. Chanler (W. A.), Through Jungle and Desert.

Colville (Sir H.), The Land of the Nile Springs. London, 1895.

Cook (A. R.), A Doctor and his Dog in Uganda. London, 1903.
Decle (L.), Three Years in Savage Africa. London, 1897.

Emin Pasha, his Life and Work, compiled from his Journals by G. Schwartzer. 2 vols. London, 1898.

FitzGerald (W. W. A.), Travels in the Coastlands of British East Africa. London, 1898 Gregory (J. W.), The Great Rift Valley. 8. London, 1896.-The Foundation of British East Africa. London, 1901.

Grogan (E. S.) and Sharp (A. H.), From the Cape to Cairo. London, 1900.
Hinde (S. L. and H.), The Last of the Masai. London, 1901.

Höhnel (Lieut. von), Discovery of Lakes Rudolf, &c. 2 vols. London, 1893

Johnston (H. H.), Kilimanjaro. London, 1885.

Johnston (Sir Harry), The Colonisation of Africa. Cambridge, 1899.-The Uganda Protectorate. 2 vols. London, 1902.

Junker (W.), Travels in Africa, 1875-73. London, 1890. Travels in Africa, 1882-86. London, 1892.

Keltie (J. Scott), The Partition of Africa. 2nd ed. London, 1895.

Kollmann (P.), The Victoria Nyanza: the Land, the Races, and their Customs. London, 1900.

Lugard (Capt. F. D.), The Rise of our East African Empire. 2 vols. London, 1893. British East Africa and Uganda. London, 1892.-The Story of Uganda. London, 1900. McDermott (P. L.), British East Africa. London, 1895.

MacDonald (J. R. L.), Soldiering and Surveying in British East Africa. London, 1897. Meyer (Hans), Across East African Glaciers. [Translation contains Bibliography on this subject.] 8. London, 1891.

Mullins (J. W.), The Wonderful Story of Uganda. London, 1904.

Newman (H. S.), Banani: The Transition from Slavery to Freedom in Zanzibar and Pemba. London, 1898.

Ortroz (F. Van), Conventions Internationales concernant l'Afrique. Brussels, 1898. Peters (Dr.), New Light on Dark Africa. [Narrative of the German Emin Pasha Expedition.] 8. London, 1891.

Portal (Sir G.), Mission to Uganda. London, 1894.

Purvis (J. B.), Handbook of British East Africa and Uganda.

London, 1900.

Reclus (E.), Géographie Universelle. Vol. XIII. Paris, 1888. (English edition, Vols. X. and XII.)

Scott-Elliott (G. F.), A Naturalist in Mid-Africa. London, 1896.

Smith (A. Donaldson), Through Unknown African Countries. London, 1897.
Stanley (H. M.), Through the Dark Continent. 2 vols. London, 1878.

Strandes (J.), Die Portugiesenzeit von Deutsch-und Englisch Ost-Africa. Berlin,

1899.

Thomson (Joseph), To the Central African Lakes and Back. 2 vols. London, 1881.— Through Masai Land. London, 1885.

Thurston (A. B.), African Incidents. London, 1900.

Vannutelli (L.) and Citerni (E.), L'Omo: Viaggio di Esplorazione nell' Africa Orientale. Milan, 1899.

Wickenburg (E. Graf), Wanderungen in Ost-Afrika.

Vienna, 1899.

[Somaliland to Kilimanjaro.]

White (A. Silva), The Development of Africa. London, 1890.

Wilson (Rev. C. T.) and Felkin (R. W.), Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan. 2 vols. London, 1882.

Travels of Burton, Speke, Grant, Baker, and Junker.

Gambia, Gold Coast, Lagos. See WEST AFRICAN COLONIES.
Mashonaland, Matabeleland.

See RHODESIA.

MAURITIUS.

Constitution and Government.

The government of the British Colony of Mauritius, with its dependencies, Rodrigues, Diégo Garcia, &c., is vested in a Governor, aided by an Executive Council, of which the officer in command of His Majesty's troops, the Colonial Secretary, the Procureur-General, the ReceiverGeneral, and the Auditor-General, and two elected members of the Council of Government are ex-officio members. There is also a Council of Government, consisting of the Governor and twenty-seven members, ten being elected, eight ex-officio, and nine nominated by the Governor. The official councillors comprise the five Executive members, the Collector of Customs, the Protector of Immigrants, and the Surveyor-General. The constitution was altered by letters patent dated September 16, 1885, which introduced an elective element into the Legislature. Under a moderate franchise ten members are now elected, one for each of the following districts:-Moka Plaines Wilhems, Grand Port, Flacq, Savanne, Rivière Noire, Pamplemousses, Rivière du Rempart; and two for Port Louis.

Governor of Mauritius.-Sir Cavendish Boyle, K. C.M.G. The Governor has a salary of 5,000l., and the Colonial Secretary 13,500 rupees per annum.

Area and Population.

The island of Mauritius, lying in the Indian Ocean, 500 miles east of Madagascar, comprises an area of 705 English square miles. The following were the numbers of the population, according to the census taken in 1901 :

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Two-thirds of the population consists of natives of African race, Chinese, mixed races, and whites. The number of Chinese, according to the census taken on April 1, 1902, 3,515. The birth-rate in the general population (exclusive of Indians) in 1903 was 34 2, and in the Indian population 37, and death-rate 38.5 and 40 5 respectively under these two groups per thousand. Immigrants in 1903, 508; departures, 523. Population of Port Louis, the capital of the colony, is 52,740 (census 1901) with its suburbs.

According to the census of 1901 there were 206,131 Hindus, 113,224 Roman Catholics, 41,208 Mahomedans, 6,644 Protestants. State aid is granted to both Churches, the ecclesiastical expenditure by the State in 1903 having been 143,636 rupees; the Indians are mostly Hindus.

A change is taking place in the population of Mauritius; the greater part of Port Louis has in recent years passed from European to Indian or Chinese hands, and the sugar estates of the island are being similarly transferred. In 1903 land to the value of 2,198,437 rupees was purchased by Indians.

Primary education is gratuitous but not compulsory. The government schools in 1903 had 5,313 pupils; the State-aided had 8,906, of whom 7,042 were in Roman Catholic schools. For secondary education provision is made by the Royal College and its 2 schools with (1903) 372 pupils, and 24 associated schools (affiliated to the Royal College) with 377 pupils presented for examinations in connection with the College. At the Royal College many scholarships and exhibitions are awarded annually. The total government expenditure in 1902-03 on education was 527,201 rupees, of which 324,113 rupees was for primary education.

The total number of convictions at the inferior courts in 1903 was 16,675, and at the Supreme Court, 115.

Finance, Defence, Commerce.

The revenue and expenditure of the colony for five years were :

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The principal sources of revenue during the year 1902-03 were:customs, 2,980,574 rupees; licences and permits, 2,606,778 rupees; railway traffic, 2,377,494 rupees.

The whole debenture debt of the colony on June 30, 1902, was :Government Debenture Inscribed Stock Debt, 1,379,7847. In 1899 a loan

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