The British domestic exports to Zanzibar amounted to 92,2031., comprising 47,2221. for cottons, and 5,0881. for iron-work.

Zanzibar is visited by the vessels of the British India Steam Navigation Company (from and to Aden); the German East Africa line (from and to Hamburg, &c.); the Messageries Maritimes Company (from and to Marseilles). The island is in direct communication with the United Kingdom by means of the Eastern Telegraph Company's cable.

There is a special coinage issued under the Sultan's authority, of which the Maria Theresa dollar is the unit; but the British Indian rupee is the coin now universally current, though in all business transactions the dollar is the standard of value. The dollar has a fixed value of 2 rupees 2 annas, and the rupee is worth 47 cents.

British Agent and Consul-General.-Basil S. Cave, C. B. (also ConsulGeneral for German East Africa).

Judge.-Lindsey Smith.

Assistant Judge.-Skinner Turner.

2nd Assistant Judge.-J. W. Murison.

Vice-Consuls.-J. H. Sinclair, H C. Venables.
Vice-Consul at Pemba.-D. R. O'Sullivan Beare.

Books of Reference concerning British East Africa.

Correspondence and Further Correspondence relating to Zanzibar. London, 1886-90. Annual Reports of the Administrator of East Africa. London. Reports of H.M. Commissioner in Uganda. Reports on the Mombasa-Victoria Railway. Précis, of Information concerning the British East Africa Protectorate and Zanzibar, revised in the Intelligence Division of the War Office. London, 1902. Report by Mr. A. Whyte on his Travels along the Coast-Belt of the British East Africa Protectorate (Africa. No. 3. 1903). East African Slave Trade, Reports, &c., 1870-71, 1872-73, 1887-88, 1890-91; papers and correspondence 1892-96, 1897-99. London.

Foreign Office Reports. Annual Series. London.

Hertslet's Treaties and the Map of Africa, by Treaty. 2nd ed., Vol. II. London, 1897. Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions. London.

Statistical Abstract for the Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom, London.

Ansorge (W. J.), Under the African Sun. [In Uganda.] London, 1899.
Arkell-Hardwick (A.), An Ivory Trader in North Kenia.

London, 1963.

Ashe (Rev. R. P.), Two Kings of Uganda. 2nd ed, London, 1897.

Austin (Major H. H.), Among Swamps and Giants in Equatorial Africa. London, 1902. -With Macdonald in Uganda. London, 1903.

Baumann (Oscar), Durch Masailand zur Nilquelle. 8. Berlin, 1894. Die Insel Sansibar, published by the Verein für Erdkunde. Leipzic, 1897.

Bottego (V.), Viaggi di Scoperto nel Cuore dell' Africa. Il Giuba Esplorato. Rome, 1895. Chanler (W. A.), Through Jungle and Desert. 8. London. 1896.

Colville (Sir H.), The Land of the Nile Springs. London, 1895.

Cook (A. R.), A Doctor and his Dog in Uganda. London, 1903.

Decle (L.), Three Years in Savage Africa. London, 1897.

Emin Pasha, his Life and Work, compiled from his Journals by G. Schwartzer.

London, 1898.

2 vols.

FitzGerald (W. W. A.), Travels in the Coastlands of British East Africa. London, 1898 Gregory (J. W.), The Great Rift Valley. 8. London, 1896.-The Foundation of British East Africa. London, 1901.

Grogan (E. S.) and Sharp (A. H.), From the Cape to Cairo. London, 1900.

Hinde (S. L. and H.), The Last of the Masai. London, 1901.

Höhnel (Lieut. von), Discovery of Lakes Rudolf, &c. 2 vols. London, 1893

Johnston (H. H.), Kilimanjaro. London, 1885.

Johnston (Sir Harry), The Colonisation of Africa. Cambridge, 1899.-The Uganda Protectorate. 2 vols. London, 1902.

Junker (W.), Travels in Africa, 1875-73. London, 1890. Travels in Africa, 1882-86. London, 1892.

Keltie (J. Scott), The Partition of Africa. 2nd ed. London, 1895.

Kollmann (P.), The Victoria Nyanza: the Land, the Races, and their Customs. London, 1900.

Lugard (Capt. F. D.), The Rise of our East African Empire. 2 vols. London, 1893. British East Africa and Uganda. London, 1892.-The Story of Uganda. London, 1900. McDermott (P. L.), British East Africa. London, 1895.

MacDonald (J. R. L.), Soldiering and Surveying in British East Africa. London, 1897. Meyer (Hans), Across East African Glaciers. [Translation contains Bibliography on this subject.] 8. London, 1891.

Mullins (J. W.), The Wonderful Story of Uganda. London, 1904.

Newman (H. S.), Banani: The Transition from Slavery to Freedom in Zanzibar and Pemba. London, 1898.

Ortroz (F. Van), Conventions Internationales concernant l'Afrique. Brussels, 1898. Peters (Dr.), New Light on Dark Africa. [Narrative of the German Emin Pasha Ex

pedition.] 8. London, 1891.

Portal (Sir G.), Mission to Uganda. London, 1894.

Purvis (J. B.), Handbook of British East Africa and Uganda. London, 1900.

Reclus (E.), Géographie Universelle. Vol. XIII. Paris, 1888. (English edition, Vols. X. and XII.)

Scott-Elliott (G. F.), A Naturalist in Mid-Africa. London, 1896.

Smith (A. Donaldson), Through Unknown African Countries. London, 1897.

Stanley (H. M.), Through the Dark Continent. 2 vols. London, 1878.

Strandes (J.), Die Portugiesenzeit von Deutsch-und Englisch Ost-Africa. Berlin, 1899.

Thomson (Joseph), To the Central African Lakes and Back. 2 vols. London, 1881.Through Masai Land. London, 1885.

Thurston (A. B.), African Incidents. London, 1900.

Vannutelli (L.) and Citerni (E.), L'Omo: Viaggio di Esplorazione nell' Africa Orientale. Milan, 1899.

Wickenburg (E. Graf), Wanderungen in Ost-Afrika.

Vienna, 1899.

[Somaliland to Kilimanjaro.]

White (A. Silva), The Development of Africa. London, 1890.

Wilson (Rev. C. T.) and Felkin (R. W.), Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan. 2 vols. London, 1882.

Travels of Burton, Speke, Grant, Baker, and Junker,

Gambia, Gold Coast, Lagos. See WEST AFRICAN COLONIES.
Mashonaland, Matabeleland. See RHODESIA.

MAURITIUS.

Constitution and Government.

The government of the British Colony of Mauritius, with its dependencies, Rodrigues, Diego Garcia, &c., is vested in a Governor, aided by an Executive Council, of which the officer in command of His Majesty's troops, the Colonial Secretary, the Procureur-General, the ReceiverGeneral, and the Auditor-General, and two elected members of the Council of Government are ex-officio members. There is also a Council of Government, consisting of the Governor and twenty-seven members, ten being elected, eight ex-officio, and nine nominated by the Governor. The official councillors comprise the five Executive members, the Collector of Customs, the Protector of Immigrants, and the Surveyor-General. The constitution was altered by letters patent dated September 16, 1885, which introduced an elective element into the Legislature. Under a moderate franchise ten members are now elected, one for each of the following districts:-Moka Plaines Wilhems, Grand Port, Flacq, Savanne, Rivière Noire, Pamplemousses, Rivière du Rempart; and two for Port Louis.

Governor of Mauritius.--Sir Cavendish Boyle, K. C. M. G. The Governor has a salary of 5,000l., and the Colonial Secretary 13,500 rupees per annum.

Area and Population.

The island of Mauritius, lying in the Indian Ocean, 500 miles east of Madagascar, comprises an area of 705 English square miles. The following were the numbers of the population, according to the census taken in 1901 :—

Two-thirds of the population consists of natives of African race, Chinese, mixed races, and whites. The number of Chinese, according to the census taken on April 1, 1902, 3,515. The birth-rate in the general population (exclusive of Indians) in 1903 was 34°2, and in the Indian population 37, and death-rate 38.5 and 40 5 respectively under these two groups per thousand. Immigrants in 1903, 508; departures, 523. Population of Port Louis, the capital of the colony, is 52,740 (census 1901) with its suburbs.

According to the census of 1901 there were 206,131 Hindus, 113, 224 Roman Catholics, 41,208 Mahomedans, 6,644 Protestants. State aid is granted to both Churches, the ecclesiastical expenditure by the State in 1903 having been 143,636 rupees; the Indians are mostly Hindus.

A change is taking place in the population of Mauritius; the greater part of Port Louis has in recent years passed from European to Indian or Chinese hands, and the sugar estates of the island are being similarly_transferred. In 1903 land to the value of 2,198,437 rupees was purchased by Indians.

Primary education is gratuitous but not compulsory. The government schools in 1903 had 5,313 pupils; the State-aided had 8,906, of whom 7,042 were in Roman Catholic schools. For secondary education provision is made by the Royal College and its 2 schools with (1903) 372 pupils, and 24 associated schools (affiliated to the Royal College) with 377 pupils presented for examinations in connection with the College. At the Royal College many scholarships and exhibitions are awarded annually. The total government expenditure in 1902-03 on education was 527,201 rupees, of which 324,113 rupees was for primary education.

The total number of convictions at the inferior courts in 1903 was 16,675, and at the Supreme Court, 115.

Finance, Defence, Commerce.

The revenue and expenditure of the colony for five years were :—

The principal sources of revenue during the year 1902-03 were:customs, 2,980,574 rupees; licences and permits, 2,606,778 rupees; railway traffic, 2,377,494 rupees.

The whole debenture debt of the colony on June 30, 1902, was :Government Debenture Inscribed Stock Debt, 1,379,7847. In 1899 a loan

of 32,8201. for public works was authorised, in 1901 a loan of 100,0007. was also authorised for reafforestation purposes, in 1902 a loan of 200,000l. for assistance to planters and one of 208,7471. for purchase of tramways for sugar estates.

The municipal debt of Port Louis was 125,0007. sterling and 241,058 rupees.

The harbour of Port Louis is defended by Fort Adelaide and Fort George. The troops in the colony at the end of 1902 numbered 2,720. The Colonial contribution to the military expenditure for 1902 was 29,8567.

The declared value of the total imports and exports of the colony (ex. clusive of specie and bullion) was as follows in each of the last five years :—

The values of imports and exports are declared by importers and exporters, both being exclusive of charges and of exchange. They are given in rupees at the value of 16d. per rupee. The countries where the goods are shipped are taken as the countries of origin, unless the goods themselves or the bills of lading and invoices show a different origin, in which case the country so disclosed is declared in the bill of entry.

Duties are in general ad valorem at the rate of 10 per cent., but in many cases they are specific. In either case there is an additional duty of 4 per cent. on the amount leviable.

Imports from United Kingdom, 5,617,021 rupees; exports to United Kingdom, 4,348,861 rupees.

The exports from the colony comprise, as staple article, unrefined sugar, 32,543,202 rupees in 1903; rum, 9,995 rupees; vanilla, 88,191 rupees; loe fibre, 530,032 rupees; oil, coco-nut, 109,594 rupees; molasses, 287,180 rupees. A large portion of the trade is with the British colonies of South Africa, Australia, and India.

The commercial intercourse of Mauritius with the United Kingdom is shown in the subjoined table, according to the Board of Trade Returns, for each of the last five years :

The chief articles of import from Mauritius into the United Kingdom in 1903 were unrefined sugar, 109,3967.; drugs, 38,9167.; hemp, 32,6681. The British exports to Mauritius in 1903 consisted principally of cotton goods, 66,7361.; coal, 29,7097.; 'machinery, 63,9457.; iron, 42,1547.; manure, 56,4241.; soap, 20,2097.

Shipping and Communications.

The registered shipping in 1903 consisted of 57 sailing vessels of 5,458 tons (net), and 3 steamers of 99 tons; total, 60 vessels of 5,557 tons.

The number of vessels entered in 1903 was 252 of 391,537 tons (184 of 277,283 tons British), and cleared 253 of 388,242 tons (185 of 273,961 tons British).

The colony has two lines of railways with two branches, of a total length of 105 miles, the revenue from which in 1902-03 was 2,377,495 rupees, and expenditure, not including charge on debt, 1,883,484 rupees.

The system of telegraphs contains 225 miles of line; there is a telegraph cable from Zanzibar to the Seychelles and thence to Mauritius. A telegraph cable from Australia to Natal through Mauritius and Rodrigues has been laid. In 1903 the Post Office dealt with 2,226,512 letters, 148,890 post-cards, 2,064,539 newspapers, 13,689 parcels, and 69,097 telegrams. There are telephones belonging to a private company.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

On June 30, 1903, the Government Savings Bank held deposits amounting to 2,723,594 rupees from 25,668 depositors.

The standard coin of Mauritius is the Indian rupee, with its subdivisions. All accounts are kept in rupees.

The metric system is in force.

Dependencies.

RODRIGUES (under a Magistrate).-18 miles long, 7 broad. Population (census 1901) 3,162 (1,685 males, 1,477 females); revenue, 1903, 12,123 rupees; expenditure, 33,580 rupees; imports (1903), 257,346 rupees; exports, 176,675 rupees. Two Government schools had (1902) 204 pupils.

Other dependencies are the St. Brandon or Cargados Islands, between 16° 50′ and 16° 20' S. lat., and 56° 26' and 59° 41' E. long., mostly sandbanks; the Chagos Islands, and the Trois Frères, or Eagle Islands.

Diego Garcia, the largest of the Chagos group, in 7° S. lat., 72°-73° E. long., is 12 miles long, 64 miles wide, with 526 inhabitants (census 1901), a large proportion negro labourers from Mauritius. 1,441,072 litres of cocoa-nut oil was exported in 1903 from the Lesser Dependencies.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Mauritius. Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions London.

Colonial Office List. Annual. London.

Reports on Mauritius, and on Rodrigues, in Colonial Reports. Annual. London. Statistical Abstract for the several colonial and other possessions of the United Kingdom. Annual, London.

Mauritius Blue Book. Annual.

Anderson (J. F.), The Sugar Industry of Mauritius. London, 1899.

Chalmers (R.), A History of Currency in the British Colonies. London, 1893.
Decotter (N.), Géographie de Maurice et de ses Dépendances. Mauritius, 1891.

Epinay (Adrien d'), Renseignements pour servir à l'histoire de l'Ile de France jusqu'à l'année 1810 inclusivement. Mauritius, 1890.

Flemyng (M.), Mauritius, or the Isle of France. 8. London, 1862.

Keller (C.), Madagascar, Mauritius, and other East African Islands. London, 1900. Martin (R. Montgomery), The British Possessions in Africa. Vol. iv. History of the British Colonies. 8. London, 1834.

The Mauritius Almanac. Mauritius.

The Mauritius Civil List. Mauritius.

Rre (W. C.), Handbook on the Constitution, Practice, and Proceedings of the Council of Government. Mauritius, 1901.

Unienville (Le Baron d'), Statistique de l'Ile Maurice et ses Dépendances. Mauritius, 1886.