Lagos Colony and the Forcados River, and between the Brass River and Kamerun were placed under consular jurisdiction, but these regions were not administered by the Company nor by the Imperial Government. In 1891, however, they were organised under an Imperial Commissioner, and soon afterwards they were called by the name of the Niger Coast Protectorate. In 1897 they were extended by the addition of the Benin country, while regions bordering on the Cross River were also included, and in 1899 the Protectorate was extended to the Chal watershed. On January 1, 1900, after 13 years of successful government the Royal Niger Company surrendered its charter, and the whole of its territories were transferred to direct Imperial administration. For the boundaries of Nigeria and of Southern and Northern Nigeria, respectively, see STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK for 1902, pp. 218-19. The boundary from Lagos to the Niger has been delimited; that from the Niger to Lake Chad has been considerably modified by the Anglo-French Convention of 1904; that from Yola to Lake Chad is being delimited by an Anglo-German Commission. The boundary between north and south Nigeria extends from the Ogpese River via Egpeni (north of Owo), Iduani, Ogpe, and Shete to the Niger a little to the north of Ida, and continues westwards to a point near Ashaku, on the Anglo-German frontier.

For fiscal purposes, the customs revenues of Nigeria and Lagos, that is to say practically the entire revenue, will be collected on the seaboard by the governments of Southern Nigeria and Lagos; and the allocation of this revenue to the three governments will be made by the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

No uniform currency exists, as yet, in Nigeria; but British coins have been introduced and are making progress. A uniform system of weights and measures does not exist in Nigeria; nor is the early introduction of such a system practicable in so vast a territory, peopled by so many different races of different degrees of civilisation.

NORTHERN NIGERIA.

Northern Nigeria, with an area of about 315,000 square miles has, so far as it is in effective occupation, been divided into 16 provinces, viz., Illorin, Kabba, Middle Niger, Lower Benué, Upper Benué, Nupe (Bida), Kontagora, Borgu, Zaria, Bassa, Muri, Bautshi, Yola, Sokoto, Katsena, and Kano. In each Province there is a Resident with several assistants. In cases where the old Emirs would not acknowledge the new régime, new Emirs, of the same dynasty and recognised by the people, have been appointed, and slave raiding has been practically abolished. Slavery is being effectively dealt with. In 1900 a proclamation was issued which, without abolishing domestic slavery, declares all children born after April 1, 1901, free; forbids the removal of domestic slaves for sale or transfer, and extends to all inhabitants of the Protectorate the penalties for dealing in slaves. Slave markets have been suppressed by native rulers, but slave caravans still enter Bornu, Yola, and Muri from German Adamawa. In 1903, 779 slaves were liberated. At Zungeru there is a home for freed slaves with, on December 31, 1903, 180 inmates. The administrative and military headquarters are at Zungeru, about eighty miles up the Kaduna River.

A supreme Court of Justice has been established of which judges (Residents) in provincial courts (for non-natives) are commissioners. Native courts exist in Mohammedan localities where there are chiefs and councillors, but where pagan tribes have no cohesion, such courts are impossible. Cantonments have been formed at Zungeru on the Kaduna and Lokoja on the Niger, and there magistrates have been appointed.

Mohammedanism is widely diffused, the Fulani and other ruling tribes being of that religion, but in Hausa regions paganism is predominant. An English, a Canadian and a Roman Catholic Missionary Society are at work, and have industrial and other schools at several stations. The military force consists of 1 battalion of mounted infantry, 2 battalions of infantry, and companies of field artillery with 3,601 of all ranks (207 Europeans). The police force consists of 1,000 men with 29 officers.

For 1902-03 the total receipts amounted to 357,0091., of which 290,0001. was grant-in-aid, and 34,0007. contribution from Southern Nigeria. The expenditure amounted to 389,3917., of which 139,1327. was for the West African Frontier Force, and 91,3137. for public works. For 1903-04 the estimated revenue was 494,4757., including 405,000l. grant-in-aid, and 50,0007. from Southern Nigeria; the estimated expenditure was 480,4397. For 1904-05 the grant-in-aid amounted to 405,5007.

The products of the low country are palm-oil and kernels; of the inland regions, rubber, ground-nuts, shea-butter, ivory, hides, capsicums, kola-nuts and various drugs. Large deposits of salt and soda exist in the Province of Bornu. The tin-ore of the Bauchi Province is rich in quality, and some silver has been obtained from the Orufu district in the Muri Province. A geological survey of the country will be begun during the present year.

Considerable trade is carried on in Northern Nigeria, and the Niger Company has recently opened several new trading stations. In 1902 the value of the imports was put at 81,6847. (exclusive of bullion and specie, 158,4267.), and of exports at 68,4421. ; there is no corresponding statement for 1903. There is, besides, a large trade by caravans which, coming from Salaga in the west; Tripoli, Morocco, and the Sahara in the north; and Lake Chad and Wadai in the east, make use of Kano as an emporium. As the pacification of the country advances and the trade routes become secure the trade will naturally increase. The imports are chiefly cottons, hardware, provisions, and salt, which are bartered for the produce of the country. Spirits are prohibited throughout the Protectorate.

The light railway from Zungeru has been extended to Bari-Juko (24 miles). A survey for its extension to Zaria and Kano has been made. On the Niger are 2 Government stern-wheelers, 3 steam launches, and a steam pinnace. Telegraph lines are laid from the Lagos frontier to Jebba, thence to Lokoja, Zungeru, Zaria and other centres; 875 miles.

British coinage is beginning to displace the barter system. There is a branch of the Anglo-African Bank at Lokoja.

High Commissioner.—Brigadier-General Sir F. J. D. Lugard, K. C. M. G., C. B., D.S.O.

Senior Resident.-W. Wallace, C. M.G.

SOUTHERN NIGERIA.

The boundaries and other details are given above (v. Nigeria). This territory, with an area of about 49,700 square miles, is inhabited by a congeries of pagan tribes of various degrees of size and civilisation. Among the most prominent tribes are the Ibos, occupying the lower Niger just above the delta and extending to the Cross River; the Ijos, occupying the part of the delta east of the Middleton, and south of the Wari and of the Ibo country; the Jakri, occupying the lower country between the Benin River and Wari Creek, and closely allied to the Yorubas. The Beni people occupying the

Benin city territories are perhaps the most intelligent of all the tribes in the Protectorate. The Ibo are the largest tribe and are an industrious agricultural people, with fine herds of cattle, who create most of the trade of the delta. The Efiks and Quas' inhabit the Old Calabar region. The tribes are all more or less cannibalistic, cannibalism being deeply associated with the ceremonial of the old fetish rites, as the 'Ju-Ju-Men,' or fetish priests, are bound at certain times and under certain conditions to eat human flesh, a practice which is rapidly being stamped out.

The European population (December 31, 1903) numbered 460 (of whom 423 were males).

The seat of Government is at Old Calabar, where is also the Supreme Court and the headquarters of the Southern Nigeria Regiment. New customs and post-offices have been built here. There is also a European and native hospital under Government management, Botanical Gardens, &c.

Idah, further up the Niger, and on the boundary of Northern and Southern Nigeria, is an important town, and the capital of the Pagan Igara kingdom. The principal ports on the seaboard are Wari, Burutu, Akassa, Brass, Degama, Bonny, Opobo, and Old Calabar, where customs houses are established both for Southern and Northern Nigeria. At Akassa the British government have enlarged and improved the engineering and repairing workshops taken over from the Royal Niger Company, as also the slip-way for the repair of hulls.

The military force of Southern Nigeria, is the Southern Nigeria Regiment of the West African Frontier Force, and consists of 1,354 native infantry, with Maxim guns and details, commanded by British officers. The new district of Benin, annexed in 1897, is one of the most important regions for development, and is showing great progress, as is also the new region opened up by the Aro Expedition. This must be distinguished from the mouth of the River Benin, often described as Benin, but far removed from the city of Benin. Missionary enterprise is very active in Southern Nigeria. Three British Protestant Societies and two French Roman Catholic Societies are established there, each with several stations. Education was formerly almost entirely in the hands of the missions, but the Government has instituted a system of primary and secondary schools, and a High School with a large staff. The native inhabitants are dealt with principally under their own chiefs, there being native councils, presided over by them, subject to appeal to the British courts. Europeans are subject to the jurisdiction of the supreme court.

The chief products of the Protectorate are palm kernels and oil, rubber, various woods and gums, ivory, and hides. Nurseries have been established for supplying rubber seedlings, and there are botanical stations at Old Calabar and Onitsha. The timber industry is advancing, mahogany being exported in large quantities.

The revenue of Southern Nigeria for the year ended March 31, 1903, amounted to 440,8097., and the expenditure to 455,2947.; 1904, revenue, 470,6067.; expenditure, 477,7561. Of the revenue in 1903, 410,0417., in 1904, 439,8117. was derived from customs.

For the year 1903 the imports amounted to the value of 1, 492,7477., and the exports to 1,431,825l. Of the imports, the value of 1,228,9597. came from Great Britain; of the exports, the value of 992,6581. went to Great Britain, and 509,1637. to foreign countries. The chief imports were cottons, 296,4817.; spirits, 153,559.; the chief exports were palm oil, 629,7097.; palm kernels, 526,7387.; rubber, 61,8167.; ivory, 5,735l. In 1903, 379 vessels, of 451,677 tons, entered, and 372, of 445,157 tons, cleared. munication with Europe is principally by Elder Dempster steamers.

Com

The African Telegraph Company have telegraph stations at Bonny and Brass, and with these and other stations Old Calabar has been connected by a land wire and river cable, while Forcados has been connected with Lagos. Total length of line, 195 miles. The telegraph system is during 1905 to receive a great extension,

To the north of Southern Nigeria a neutral zone has been established into which spirits may be imported, but not stored in large quantities. Copper coins have been introduced with a view to the abolition of the barter system.

High Commissioner.-Walter Egerton, C. M. G.

Divisional Commissioners.-W. F. W. Fosbery; F. S. James, C. M.G.; A. B. Harcourt; and W. E. B. C. Crawford.

BOOKS OF REFERENCE ON NIGERIA.

Papers relating to the Massacre of British Officials near Benin. London, 1897.
Papers relating to the Royal Niger Company. London, 1899.

Boundary Convention with France, 1898. London, 1899.

Government Gazette, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903.

Annual Reports on Northern and Southern Nigeria.

Travels of Clapperton, R. Lander, Richardson, Barth, Rohlfs.
Bacon (R. H.), The City of Blood. [Benin]. London, 1897.
Bindloss (H.), In the Niger Country. London, 1899.
Boisragon (Captain), The Massacre in Benin. London, 1897.
Goldie (Hugh), Old Calabar and its Mission, 1890.
Harford-Battersby (C. F.), Niger and Yoruba Routes.

2 vols. London, 1895-96.

Hazzledine (G. D.), The White Man in Nigeria. London, 1904.

Hutchinson, Narrative of the Niger, Tshadda, and Binué Exploration.

Hodges (F. E.), Consular Jurisdiction in the Niger Coast. London, 1895.

Hourst (Lieut.), Sur le Niger et au Pays des Touaregs. Paris, 1898.-The Exploration of the Niger, 1895-96. [Eng. Trans.] London, 1898.

Johnston (Sir Harry), The Colonisation of Africa. Cambridge, 1899.

Keltie (J. Scott), The Partition of Africa. 2nd ed. London, 1895,

Lucas (C. P.), Historical Geography of the British Colonies. Vol. III. Oxford, 1894. MacDonald (Sir C. M.), Paper in Proceedings R. G. S., 1891.

Mockler-Ferryman (A. F.), Up the Niger. London, 1892. Imperial Africa.

London, 1898.-British Nigeria. London, 1902.

Nigeria, Our Latest Protectorate. London, 1900.

Vol. I.

Ortroz (F. Van) Conventions Internationales concernant l'Afrique. Brussels, 1898. Robinson (C. H.), Hausaland: Fifteen Hundred Miles through the Central Soudan. London, 1896.

Thomson (J.), 'Mungo Park,' and Proc. R. Geographical Soc. (1886).

Trotter (Colonel J. K.), The Niger Sources. London, 1897.

Vandeleur (S.), Campaigning on the Upper Nile and Niger. (London, 1898.)

ORANGE RIVER COLON Y..

Constitution and Government.

This Colony, after having existed for forty-six years as an independent republic, under the name of the Orange Free State, was, after military occupation, in consequence of its participation in the Boer attack on the adjacent British Colonies in 1899, annexed by proclamation to the British Crown, May 24, 1900, and is now known as the Orange River Colony. Resistance to the British arms continued till May 31, 1902, when an agreement was signed by the representatives of the burghers in arms acknowledging the sovereignty of

AREA AND POPULATION-RELIGION AND INSTRUCTION 233

King Edward (see under TRANSVAAL COLONY). There is a Governor over the Transvaal and Orange River Colonies, and, under him, a Lieutenant-Governor for the Orange River Colony. The administration is carried on with the assistance of an Executive Council, consisting of, at least, the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, and the Colonial Treasurer. The Legislative Council, consists of the Lieutenant-Governor, the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, the Colonial Treasurer, and 14 more nominated members, 6 official and 8 unofficial. The Council legislates by Ordinances and votes the money required for the various services of the Colony. In further arrangements it is proposed to consult local opinion, and as soon as circumstances permit, representative institutions leading up to self-government will be introduced. There are municipalities at Bloemfontein and other centres; local authorities have, as far as possible, the usual local administrative powers.

Governor.-Viscount Milner, G.C. B., G. C. M.G.

Lieut.-Governor.—Sir H. J. Goold- Adams, K.C. M.G., C. B.
Colonial Secretary.-H. F. Wilson, C.M.G.
Attorney-General.-H. T. Blaine, K.C.
Colonial Treasurer.-A. Browne, I.S.O.

Area and Population.

The area of the Colony is estimated at 50,100 square miles; it is divided into 24 districts. At a census taken in 1890 the white population was found to be 77,716 (40,571 males and 37,145 females), and a native population of 129,787 (67,791 males and 61,996 females); total population, 207,503. The general results of the census taken in April, 1904, showed a total white population of 143,419 (81,761 males and 61,658 females), and a coloured population of 241,626 (127,133 males and 114,493 females); total population, 385,045. The capital, Bloemfontein, had 2,077 white inhabitants in 1890 and 1,302 natives. In 1904 it had 15,421 white inhabitants (10,833 males and 4,588 females), and 18,469 natives (11,335 males and 7,134 females); total, 33,890.

Religion and Instruction.

The State Government used to contribute 10,0507. for religious purposes. It was divided into 36 parochial districts for ecclesiastical purposes, and it contained about 80 churches. The principal body, according to the last census (1890), is the Dutch Reformed Church with 68,940 adherents; of Wesleyans there were 753; English Episcopalians, 1,353; Lutherans, 312; Roman Catholics, 466: Jews, 113.

The education of the Colony is administered directly by a Government Department established in Bloemfontein, with a director and office staff. Local education committees with certain defined powers have lately been appointed in the towns. Education is not compulsory. There are three types of schools-town, ward, and farm schools. In June, 1904, the attendance at all Government schools reached a total of 12,507-8,914 in town and 3,593 in country (ward and farm) schools. The highest number under the late Government was in 1898, when it reached 8,187.

The Grey College, Bloemfontein, is organised as a high school for boys and prepares pupils for the B. A. and other Cape University examinations.