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5. Minister of Marine and Fisheries.-Hon. R. Prefontaine.

6. Minister of Railways and Canals.-Hon. Henry R. Emmerson.

7. Minister of Militia and Defence.-Hon. Sir F. W. Borden, K. C. M. G. 8. Minister of Finance.-Hon. W. S. Fielding.

9. Postmaster-General.-Hon. Sir William Mulock, K. C. M. G. 10. Minister of Agriculture.-Hon. Sydney A. Fisher.

11. Minister of Public Works.-Hon. J. Sutherland.

12. Minister of Interior.-Hon. Clifford Sifton, K.C.

13. Minister of Customs.-Hon. Wm. Paterson.

14. Minister of Inland Revenue.-Hon. Louis P. Brodeur. Without portfolio: Hon. W. Templeman, Senator.

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Hon. Chas. S. Hyman.

Each of the ministers has a salary, fixed by statute, of 7,000 dollars, or 1,4007. a year, with the exception of the recognised Prime Minister, who has 8,000 dollars, or 1,6007. The body of ministers is officially known as the King's Privy Council of Canada.'

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High Commissioner for the Dominion of Canada in Rt. Hon. Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal, G. C. M. G. Secretary.-W. L. Griffith.

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.

Great Britain.— 17 and 19, Victoria Street, S.W.

The seven provinces forming the Dominion have each a separate parliament and administration, with a Lieutenant-Governor at the head of the executive. They have full powers to regulate their own local affairs and dispose of their revenues, provided only they do not interfere with the action and policy of the central administration. The Lieutenant-Governors are appointed by the Governor-General. Quebec and Nova Scotia have each two Chambers (a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly) and a responsible Ministry. In New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island there is only one Chamber (the Legislative Assembly) and a responsible Ministry. The members of the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia number 21, and Quebec 24. The membership of the Legislative Assemblies are-Prince Edward Island 30, Nova Scotia 38, New Brunswick 46, Quebec 74, Ontario 98, Manitoba 40, British Columbia 38, and the North-West Territories, 35. The North-West Territories are presided over by a Lieutenant-Governor and a Legislative Assembly, and have an Executive Council consisting of the Lieutenant-Governor and 3 members elected, as such, by the people. The territory of Yukon is governed by a Commissioner and an Executive Council of ten members, five of whom are elected by the people, in accordance with Sect. 1 of Act 2, Edward VII., Chap. 34.

Area and Population.

The population of Canada in the year 1801 was estimated at 240,000; it has increased as follows:

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The following are the areas of the provinces, in 1901, with the population at the census of 1901 :

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1 The water areas here assigned to Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and British Columbia are exclusive of the territorial seas, that to Quebec is exclusive of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and that to Ontario is exclusive of the Canadian portions of the great lakes of the St. Lawrence.

In 1901 there were 2,751,708 males and 2,619,607 females.

Eighty-seven per cent. of the population of the Dominion consisted, at the census of 1901, of natives of British North America. These numbered 4,671,815, of whom 1,858,787 were natives of Ontario; 1,560,190 of Quebec; 435,172 of Nova Scotia; 313,178 of New Brunswick; 180,859 of Manitoba; 99,612 of British Columbia; 99,006 natives of Prince Edward Island; and 125,011 of the Territories. Of those born out of the country the most numerous at the census of 1901, were 386,545 natives of the United Kingdom; 19,338 were born in other parts of the Empire, making 405,883 British born-127,899 were born in the United States, 27,300 in Germany, 31,231 in Russia, 12,331 in Scandinavia, 7,944 in France, 7,124 in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, 17,043 in China, and 62,745 in other countries. English-speaking persons numbered 3,721,944, and French-speaking 1,649, 371. According to an official report for 1903, there were 108,233 Indians in Canada at that date.

The boundary between Canada and the United States Territory of Alaska in the region about the head of the Lynn Canal was, in part, determined by the award of the Boundary Commission, October 20, 1903.

The census population of the principal cities and towns of the Dominion was as follows in 1901 :

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There are no vital statistics collected for the Dominion; it is therefore impossible to say what is the rate of natural increase of the population. The following table gives the number of declared settlers arrived in Canada during 4 years :

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In the year ending June 30, 1904, the total arrivals numbered 130,330, of which 50,374 were from Great Britain, 45,171 from the United States, and the remainder from the Continent of Europe. The new settlers obtained 5,021,280 acres of free land.

Under an Act passed in 1903, a tax of 500 dollars a head is levied on Chinamen landing in Canada.

Religion.

There is no State Church in the whole of British North America. The Church of England is governed by 2 archbishops and 19 bishops, with about 1,000 clergy; the Roman Catholic Church by 1 cardinal, 7 archbishops, 23 bishops, and about 1,500 clergy; and the Presbyterian Church in Canada, with about 1,400 ministers-formed in 1875 by the union of two formerly distinct bodies-by presbyteries, synods, and an annual assembly as in the Scotch Church, with 2,358 churches and stations. The Methodists have 1,950 and the Baptists about 500 ministers. All these bodies have one or more divinity schools. The number of members of each religious creed in the Dominion was as follows at the census of April, 1901 :

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The following shows the numbers of the leading denominations in the several provinces according to the census of 1901 :

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All the provinces of the Dominion have one or more universities, and several colleges which prepare for university degrees. There are in all about 16 degree-granting bodies in the Dominion, with about 24 colleges, including denominational, medical, and other special institutions. From special official statistics of these institutions it may be estimated that they are attended by about 16,900 students, and their total annual expenditure is upwards of 750,000 dollars, while the estimated value of their endowments, buildings, land, &c., is over 18,500,000 dollars.

The following table gives some information respecting the public, high, and superior schools in the Dominion, the pupils attending them and the amount expended for education :

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The number of public schools included in the table was 18,799, with 24,375 teachers and 956,975 pupils, their average attendance being 578,201. If the number of those attending the universities and private schools were added to the above figures, the total number of pupils would be considerably greater. The expenditure for the year on public and high schools, including Government grants, was over 11,200,000 dollars. The supervision of education is under the control of the Governments of the several provinces, and the systems in use vary somewhat, but are all based on the principle of free education, the funds being supplied in nearly all the provinces by Government grants and local taxation. In the North-West Territories the schools are supported wholly by Government. Education is more or less compulsory in all the provinces, but the law is not very strictly enforced. In Ontario, Quebec, and the North-West Territories there are separate schools for Roman Catholics; in the other provinces the schools are unsectarian.

Justice and Crime.

There is a Supreme Court in Ottawa, having appellate, civil and criminal jurisdiction in and throughout Canada. There is also an exchequer court, which is also a colonial court of admiralty, with powers as provided in the Imperial "Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act, 1890." There is a Superior Court in each province; county courts, with limited jurisdiction, in most of the provinces; all the judges in these courts being appointed by the GovernorGeneral. Police magistrates and justices of the peace are appointed by the Provincial Governments.

In 1903, 9,622 persons were charged with indictable offences; of these 6,521 were convicted, 6 being sentenced to death, 604 sent to the penitentíary, and the rest sentenced to various terms of imprisonment; and 43,862 were summarily convicted, 37,959 of these with the option of a fine.

Finance.

The financial accounts of the Dominion of Canada are made up under three different headings-namely, first, Consolidated Fund,' comprising the general sources of revenue and branches of expenditure; secondly, 'Loans' in revenue, and Redemption' with 'Premiums and Discounts' in expenditure; and thirdly, 'Open accounts. The headings 'Loans' and 'Redemption' include the deposits in and withdrawals from the Post Office and Government Savings Banks, the amount on deposit forming part of the floating or unfunded debt of the country. Under the head of 'Open Accounts' are included investments, trust funds, Province accounts, and expenditure on capital account on public works.

The revenue and expenditure, Consolidated Fund, for fiscal years ending June 30 (unrevised for 1904), have been :

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The total actual receipts and expenditure, under the three divisions, were as follows in the financial year ending June 30, 1903 :—

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