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The following shows the numbers of the leading denominations in the several provinces according to the census of 1901 :

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All the provinces of the Dominion have one or more universities, and several colleges which prepare for university degrees. There are in all about 16 degree-granting bodies in the Dominion, with about 24 colleges, including denominational, medical, and other special institutions. From special official statistics of these institutions it may be estimated that they are attended by about 16,900 students, and their total annual expenditure is upwards of 750,000 dollars, while the estimated value of their endowments, buildings, land, &c., is over 18,500,000 dollars.

The following table gives some information respecting the public, high, and superior schools in the Dominion, the pupils attending them and the amount expended for education :

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The number of public schools included in the table was 18,799, with 24,375 teachers and 956,975 pupils, their average attendance being 578,201. If the number of those attending the universities and private schools were added to the above figures, the total number of pupils would be considerably greater. The expenditure for the year on public and high schools, including Government grants, was over 11,200,000 dollars. supervision of education is under the control of the Governments of the several provinces, and the systems in use vary somewhat, but are all based on the principle of free education, the funds being supplied in nearly all the provinces by Government grants and local taxation. In the North-West Territories the schools are supported wholly by Government. Education is more or less compulsory in all the provinces, but the law is not very strictly enforced. In Ontario, Quebec, and the North-West Territories there are separate schools for Roman Catholics; in the other provinces the schools are unsectarian.

Justice and Crime.

There is a Supreme Court in Ottawa, having appellate, civil and criminal jurisdiction in and throughout Canada. There is also an exchequer court, which is also a colonial court of admiralty, with powers as provided in the Imperial "Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act, 1890." There is a Superior Court in each province; county courts, with limited jurisdiction, in most of the provinces; all the judges in these courts being appointed by the GovernorGeneral. Police magistrates and justices of the peace are appointed by the Provincial Governments.

In 1903, 9,622 persons were charged with indictable offences; of these 6,521 were convicted, 6 being sentenced to death, 604 sent to the penitentiary, and the rest sentenced to various terms of imprisonment; and 43,862 were summarily convicted, 37,959 of these with the option of a fine.

Finance.

The financial accounts of the Dominion of Canada are made up under three different headings—namely, first, Consolidated Fund,' comprising the general sources of revenue and branches of expenditure; secondly, 'Loans' in revenue, and Redemption' with 'Premiums and Discounts' in expenditure; and thirdly, 'Open accounts.' The headings 'Loans' and 'Redemption' include the deposits in and withdrawals from the Post Office and Government Savings Banks, the amount on deposit forming part of the floating or unfunded debt of the country. Under the head of 'Open Accounts' are included investments, trust funds, Province accounts, and expenditure on capital account on public works.

The revenue and expenditure, Consolidated Fund, for fiscal years ending June 30 (unrevised for 1904), have been :—

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The total actual receipts and expenditure, under the three divisions, were as follows in the financial year ending June 30, 1903 :

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The revenue under the Consolidated Fund in the year 1902-03 (ending June 30) was as follows:

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The following table shows the Consolidated Fund expenditure, actual or 1902-03, authorised for 1903-04, and proposed for 1904-05 :

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1 Interest, Charges of Management, Premium, Sinking Fund.

2 Includes Census, Exhibitions, Geological Survey.

3 Includes Ocean and River Service.

4 Marine Hospitals.

Includes Insurance, Superintendence, Inspection of Staples and Weights and Measures, Adulteration of Food, Culling Timber, Dominion Lands, Gas and Electricity.

6 Includes Customs, Excise, Minor Revenue, Post Office, Public Works, Railways and Canals, Trade and Commerce.

The expenditure on Capital Account voted for 1903-04, and proposed for 1904-05, was as follows:

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The following shows the gross and net debt in five years :

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About three-fourths of the debt is at interest ranging from 2 to 4 per cent., a small amount is at 5 and 6 per cent., and 27,700,000 dollars is free of interest. The debt charge in 1903 consisted of 11,068,139 dollars for interest, 2,620,588 dollars for sinking fund, and 229,673 dollars for cost of management.

The total burden of the debt, after deducting assets, is 91. 148. 6d. per head, andof the annual charge for interest and management 10s. 5d. The expenditure on canals and railways alone by the Government amounted to over 45 millions sterling up to 1903. At the census of 1901 it was found that the value of the capital invested in manufacturing industries of various kinds, employing 5 hands and over, was 441,053,000 dollars, and the annual value of the products 452,775,600 dollars.

PROVINCIAL REVENUES, EXPENDITURES, AND DEBTS, 1903.

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Defence.

Esquimault in British Columbia has become an important coaling station, and is strongly fortified and garrisoned by Imperial and Canadian troops, the Dominion Government contributing in addition to the pay and maintenance of the Canadian troops, half of the cost of maintenance of the Imperial troops.

The Canadian Militia since Confederation has, in accordance with the Canadian Militia Act, been under the immediate command of a major-general of the British Army. The Dominion is divided, for military purposes, into twelve districts, with a district officer commanding, and a brigade staff in charge of each. The permanent militia numbers 1,066; changes in its organisation are in contemplation. The new organisation of the militia (exclusive of the permanent force) is intended to provide peace training establishments containing all the officers and non-commissioned officers of corps and a proportion of the rank and file. These establishments, expanded to war strength, are the first line of defence, and they provide for sufficient officers and non-commissioned officers to form a nucleus for the training of the corps which will be formed in war-time as duplicates of those which have gone to the front. These duplicates will constitute the second line of defence The peace training establishments contain about 46,000 men, including 4,870 officers. The war establishments contain 104,600 of all ranks. Other establishments are being formed. The force is organised in 15 regiments and 2 independent squadrons of cavalry; 17 batteries of field artillery; 6 regiments and 1 company of garrison artillery; 4 companies of engineers; 8 companies A.S. C.; 9 bearer companies H. M.S.; 8 field hospitals A.M.S.; 83 regiments and 6 companies of infantry. All adult males (with few exceptions) from 18 to 60 years of age are liable to service. There are two Royal schools of artillery (one field and one garrison); one school of cavalry and one of mounted rifles, and five of infantry; and the Dominion Government in 1876 established a school of scientific military instruction at Kingston, known as "The Royal Military College," with a staff of 12 professors. A scheme for training and enlarging the Militia force is now under consideration.

There is at present no active marine militia, the naval defences of the country being the care of the Imperial authorities. According to the Navy List thirteen ships are on the North America and West India Stations, besides seven others on the Pacific Station.

A good deal has lately been heard as to the advisability of recruiting Canadians for the Imperial Navy, and it seems probable that this valuable source of supply will be tapped in the near future.

Production and Industry.

Agriculture. Of the total area of Canada in 1901, there were 30,166,033 acres of improved land out of 63,422,338 acres of occupied land. Of the improved lands, 19,763,747 acres were under crop. The acreage under pasture in 1891 was 15,284,788 acres, an increase of 8,899,226 acres since 1881. The acreage under wheat in 1891 was 2,723,861 acres, an increase of 381,506 acres in ten years. The cereals most widely cultivated are wheat and oats. The following statement from provincial statistics shows, for 1903, the area under these crops, the total yield, and the yield per acre in Ontario, Manitoba, New Brunswick and the Territories :

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