In Ontario, besides other cereals, pulse and root crops are largely grown, and, in 1903, 2,423,031 lbs. of tobacco were taken from 2,318 acres, and 43,659,413 bushels of apples were produced by 7,095,554 trees, or 6.15 bushels per tree. The vineyard area in the province in 1903 was 15,269 acres. For other provinces the agricultural statistics are insufficient. There is a central experimental farm near Ottawa, and others in several of the provinces. In 1902 there were 908 ranches in Manitoba, British Columbia, and N.-W. Territories covering an area of 1,700,000 acres. In Ontario in 1902, 73,403 tons of cheese and 5,541 tons of butter were made. In 1902-03 about 70,978 tons of bacon and hams were exported from Canada.

Forestry. The timber wealth of Canada is very large and lumbering one of its most important industries. The forest area is estimated at 1,248,798 square miles. The forest products exported to the United Kingdom in 1902 amounted in value to 16,742, 435 dollars out of a total of 36,386,015 dollars. The wood pulp industry is increasing rapidly, the exportable surplus being 3,150,943 dollars in 1903, chiefly going to Great Britain and the United States. The Crown forests belong to the Provincial Governments, except in Manitoba, the N.-W. Territories, and the Railway Belt (forty miles wide), in British Columbia, where they belong to the Dominion.

Fisheries.-The total value of the produce of the fisheries of Canada in 1900 was 21,557,639 dollars; in 1901, 25,737,154 dollars; and in 1902 it was 21,959,433 dollars. The values of the principal catches in 1902 were: cod 4,015,978 dollars; salmon, 4,335,040 dollars; herring, 1,723,098 dollars; lobsters, 3,133,737 dollars, and mackerel, 1,839,368 dollars. In 1902, according to provinces, the values were: Nova Scotia, 7,351,753 dollars; British Columbia, 5,291,074; New Brunswick, 3,912,514; Quebec, 2,059,307; Ontario, 1,265,706; Prince Edward Island, 887,024; Manitoba and N.-W. Territories, 1,198,437.

Mining.-Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Quebec, N. and W. Ontario, part of the N.-W. Territories, and Yukon Territory, are the chief mining districts of Canada. The total value of the mineral produce of Canada was in 1903, 63,226,510 dollars; in 1902, 64,970,732 dollars. The principal product is gold, the value mined amounted in 1902 to 21,336,667 dollars; and in 1903, to 18,834,490 dollars. Among the other minerals produced in 1903 were coal, 15,957,946 dollars; nickel, 5,002,204 dollars: asbestos, 891,033 dollars; petroleum, 922,672 dollars; copper, 5,728,261 dollars; silver, 1,170,779 dollars; lead, 762,660 dollars; pig iron, 707,838 dollars; iron ore, 922,571 dollars; Portland cement, 1,090,842 dollars. It is estimated that the coal-bearing area of the N.-W. Territories extends over 65,000 square miles.

T

Commerce.

The customs tariff of Canada is protective, but there is a preferential tariff in favour of the United Kingdom, India, Ceylon, the Straits Settlements, the West Indies, Bermuda, British Guiana, New Zealand, the Cape, and, conditionally, other British Colonies. Under this arrangement the duties on direct imports from the United Kingdom and the colonies, &c., enjoying the preference are reduced by one-third, but alcoholic liquors, liquid medicines, tobacco, and refined sugar, from raw sugar produced elsewhere than in British colonies, are excluded from the reduction.

The duties (apart from the preference) range in general from 15 to 35 per cent. ad valorem, but for some articles used in Canadian manufactures they are lower, and in a good many cases raw materials are duty-free. On food stuffs, beverages, &c., the duties are mostly specific. Books, scientific instruments, &c., are free. There is a differential duty unfavourable to German imports.

The returns of values of imports and exports are those supplied in entries at the Customs, where imports must be entered for duty at their fair market value as for home consumption in the country of purchase. Quantities are ascertained from invoices and by examination, wines are gauged and spirits tested. The country of origin of imports is the country of purchase or whence shipment was made to Canada; the country of destination is that to which shipment is made. Thus, Canadian wheat, purchased by New York dealers, shipped to and entered in bond at New York, and thence exported to Great Britian, would appear only as exported from Canada to the United States. The only Canadian port where transit trade is recorded is Montreal, such trade comprising chiefly goods received from the United States and transhipped to other countries by the St. Lawrence route. Transit trade is not included in the general trade, which comprises all other imports into and exports from Canada. The term "special trade," in Canada, is applied to imports from Newfoundland which are exempt from duties leviable on similar goods from other countries.

The accuracy of the statistical results may at times be affected by fraudulent misde. scription or undervaluation by importers, and by the adoption of "sight entries" which, under the Custoins Act, may be passed when importers declare on oath that, for want of full information, they cannot make a perfect entry. In such circumstances the goods may be landed, examined, and (a sum being deposited sufficient, in the collector's opinion, to pay the duty) delivered to the importer. A time is fixed within which a perfect entry should be made, but when this time has elapsed the deposit is held as payment of the duty, and the provisional valuation, which may be only approximate, is not corrected. Statistics of exports may be affected in two ways: large quantities of goods are shipped at remote points where no officer is stationed, and the prescribed entry outwards is not unfrequently neglected, while, on the other hand, it may happen, by the mistake of officers or of carriers' agents, that exports already entered outwards at the inland port of shipment are recorded also at the point of exit from Canada.

The following statement gives the total value of exports and of imports, and the total value of imports entered for home consumption in the Dominion, in each of the years named (4.86 dollars = £1):

The following table shows the share of the leading countries in the commerce of Canada in the last two years in thousands of dollars :

The following table shows the value of the leading imports and exports

in 1904

More than half the revenue of Canada is derived from Customs duties. The following statement shows, for 1903, the amount of imports dutiable and duty-free, and the average rate per cent. of duty on dutiable imports

:

The following table shows the progress of the leading classes of domestic exports, in thousands of dollars :

:

Produce of the Mines.

13,365 24,575 40,355 34,942 31,062 33,619 Fisheries 9,910 11,169 10,720 14,143 11,800 10,759 5,487 4,496 4,989 34,469 5,300 4,930 46,743 56,148 55,495 59,161 69,818 63,812 | 22,953 27,517 24,781 37,153 44,624 37,139 34,244 39,397 41,046 46,118 51,714 48,034

Forest Animals & their produce Agricultural produce

Manufactures

Miscellaneous

.

The share of the leading ports in the trade (imports for consumption and general exports) of 1904 was as follows (provisional) in dollars:

The following figures give the value of exports of Canadian produce to Great Britain, according to Canadian returns, in the last six years ended 30th June. (Conversions made at 4.863.)

Canadian returns of imports from Great Britain do not distinguish between British and foreign produce. The chief exports of domestic produce from Canada to Great Britain in the last four years (provisional figures for 1904) were:

The chief imports into Canada from Great Britain were :

The following table exhibits the commercial intercourse of the Dominion of Canada with the United Kingdom, according to the Board of Trade Returns, in each of the last six years.