The chief imports into Great Britain from Canada in five years were :

The chief exports of British produce and manufactures to Canada

The values of the imports into, and exports from, the United States from and to Canada (according to U.S. statistics) in 5 years were as follows :

The imports from Canada include a small proportion of merchandise of U.S. origin, and the exports include a small proportion of merchandise of foreign origin, under one-twelfth of the whole. În 1903 the chief imports into the United States from Canada were wood and timber, 18, 195, 142 dollars; fish, 3,743,196; copper and copper ore, 2,610,194. The chief exports to Canada were iron and steel work, 24,947,625 dollars; coal, 16,228,996; breadstuffs, 9,028,364; cottons, 3,958,286.

Shipping and Navigation.

The registered shipping of Canada on December 31, 1903, including vessels for inland navigation, consisted of 4,617 sailing vessels of 476,523 tons, and 2,404 steamers of 205,123 tons; total 7,021 vessels of 681,646 tons. The sea-going and coasting vessels that entered and cleared during the year 1903 at Canadian ports were as follows:

:

In 1903 the vessels entered and cleared at Canadian ports on inland waters between Canada and the United States were: Canadian, 20, 252 of 8,397,372 tons; United States, 41,142 of 9,416,496 tons; total, 61,394 of 17,813,868 tons.

Internal Communications.

Canada has a system of canal, river, and lake navigation over 2,700 miles in length, and vessels from the lake ports reach the Atlantic without breaking bulk. Up to 1903, 85,342,377 dollars had been spent on canals for construction alone. In 1902, 28,631 vessels, of 8,572,134 tons, passed through the Cana dian canals, carrying 188,086 passengers and 7,513,197 tons of freight, chiefly grain, timber, and coal.

The Dominion of Canada had a network of railways of a total length of 19,078 miles completed at the end of June 1903, being an increase of 210 miles over that of 1902. The number of miles in operation was 18,988, all of the 4 ft. 8 inch gauge. The Canadian Pacific Railway main line from Montreal to Vancouver is 2,906 miles in length. By means of this railway and a line of Pacific steamers subsidised by the Imperial and Dominion Governments, 'Montreal and Yokohama have been brought within 14 days of one another. There is a monthly steam service between Australia and British Columbia, for which the Dominion Government gives 25,000l. a year and the Australian 12,000l. a year.

The traffic on Canadian steam railways in the last two years was :

1902 18,714 1903 18,988

57,343,592

20,679,974 42,376,527 83,666,503
26,322,911 1,098,852,209
22,148,742 | 47,373,417 96,064,527 67,481,524 28,583,003 1,146,550,769

In 1903, of the capital paid up, 177,677,689 dollars represented Federal Government aid, and 49,360,773 dollars aid from Provincial Governments and Municipalities.

The number of electric railways in Canada in 1903 was 46, with a mileage of 647; the number of passengers carried during the year was 167,703,953; the total paid up capital was 29,838,326 dollars, and the bonded debt, 17,013,758 dollars.

On June 30, 1903, there were 10,150 post offices in the Dominion. During the year ended on the foregoing date the number of letters sent through the post-office was 235,791,000, of postcards 26,646,000, and of parcels 47,740. The letters and postcards posted amounted to 42.65 per head. Revenue, 5,683,162 dollars; expenditure, 5,390,508 dollars. A uniform rate of postage of two cents has been established over the whole Dominion, also between

Canada and the United States, between Canada and the United Kingdom, and forty-eight other parts of the British Empire. The number of money order offices in Canada in 1903 was 2,125 and of orders issued 1,668,705, their value having been 26,868,202 dollars. From June 30, 1902, to June 30, 1903, 1,196,563 postal notes for sums not over 5 dollars were issued, their value having been 2,046,095 dollars. The Ocean Mail subsidies paid by the Government amounted to 799,386 in 1903, to 624,956 dollars in 1902.

There were 36,780 miles (5,897 being Government) of telegraph lines in Canada in 1903 and 96,728 miles of wire, with 3,004 offices, and the number of messages sent, as nearly as could be ascertained, 5,313,800. There were in 1903, 163,243 miles of telephone wire, and 81,876 sets of instruments; 254,973,750 messages were sent by the telephone companies.

Money and Credit.

The Bank Acts of Canada impose stringent conditions as to capital, notes in circulation, limit of dividend, returns to the Dominion Government, and other points in all chartered and incorporated banks. In making payments every bank is compelled if required to pay a certain proportion in Dominion Government notes, and must hold not less than 40 per cent. of its cash reserve in Dominion Government notes. On January 1, 1904, there were 34 incorporated banks making returns to the Government, with 1,049 branches all over the Dominion. The following are some particulars of the banks, the average being made up from the twelve monthly returns sent by all the Banks :

Calendar
Year

Average
Capital
Paid up

Average
Notes in
Circulation

1899

Dollars 63,726,399

1900

1901

1902 1903

Average
Liabilities

Average
Assets

Dollars

Percentage of Liabilities to Assets.

Average Total on Deposit Dollars Dollars Dollars 41,513,139 266,504,528 318,624,033 412,504,768 65,154,594 46,574,780 305,140,242 356,394,095 459,715,065 67,035,615 50,601,205 349,573,327 420,003,743 531,829,324 69,869,670 55,412,598 390,370,493 466,963.829 585,761,109 76,453,125 60,244,072 424,167,140 507,527,550 641,543,226 79.11

77.24

77.52

78.97 79.72

Post-office savings-banks under charge of the Government have been in operation in Canada since 1868; there are also Government savings-banks, under the management of the Finance Department, in the Maritime Provinces, Manitoba, and British Columbia. In 1903 there were 934 offices of the former and 23 of the latter. In 1903 the post-office savings-banks had 167,023 depositors and 44,255,326 dollars on deposit. The following is a statement of the transactions of the post-office and Government savings-banks for two years in dollars :

The deposits in special savings-banks amounted in 1902 to 20,360,888

dollars, and in 1903 to 21,241,993 dollars.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The Dollar of 100 cents. The value of the money of the United Kingdom is fixed by law as follows:-The sovereign, 4'86 dollars; the crown piece, 12 dollars; and the half-crown, the florin, the shilling, and the sixpence at proportionate values. Canada has no gold coinage of its own, but the English sovereign and the United States gold eagle of 10 dollars, with its multiples and halves, are legal. Notes are issued exclusively by the Government for 4, 2, and 1 dollar, and 25 cents; no bank being allowed to issue notes for a less sum than 5 dollars.

The legal weights and measures are the Imperial yard, Imperial pound avoirdupois, Imperial gallon, and the Imperial bushel. By Act 42 Vict. cap. 16, the hundredweight was declared to be 100 pounds and the ton 2,000 pounds avoirdupois, as in the United States.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Canada and British North America.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Annual Reports of the various Government Departments. Ottawa.

Census of Canada, 1891 and 1901. Ottawa.

Estimates of Canada for the fiscal year ending June 30. Annual.
Fisheries Statements. Annual. Ottawa.

Ottawa.

General Report of the Minister of Public Works from June 30, 1867, to July 1, 1885. With Maps. Ottawa, 1887.

Public Accounts of Canada, for the fiscal year ended June 30. Annual. Ottawa.
Report of the Department of the Interior. Annual. Ottawa.
Reports on Canadian Archives.

Report of the Auditor-General on Appropriation Accounts for the year ending June 30. Annual. Ottawa.

Report of the Department of Militia. Annual. Ottawa.
Reports (Annual) of the Geological Survey of Canada.

Ottawa.

Report on the Forest Wealth of Canada, by George Johnson, F.S.S. (hon.) Ottawa, 1895. Report, Returns, and Statistics of the Inland Revenues of the Dominion of Canada, for the fiscal year ending June 30. Annual. Ottawa.

Statistical Year Book of Canada, prepared by George Johnson, F.S.S. (hon.), Government Statistician. Ottawa.

Statistical Abstract for the several Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom. Annual. London.

Tables of the Trade and Navigation of the Dominion of Canada, for the fiscal year ending June 30. Annual. Ottawa.

Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions. Imp. 4. London.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Adam (G. M.), The Canadian North-West: its History and its Troubles, with the Narrative of Three Insurrections. Toronto, 1885.

Baedeker's Handbook for Canada and Newfoundland. 2nd ed., London.

Bentzon (Th.), Nouvelle France et Nouvelle Angleterre. [French Canada and New England.] Paris, 1899.

Bourinot (Sir J. G.), Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada. 8. Montreal, 1888. -How Canada is governed. 8. London, 1895.-Historical and Descriptive Account of Cape Breton. 4. Montreal, 1892.-Canada. [In 'Story of the Nations' Series]. 8. London, 1896. -Canada and the United States. [Constitutional Systems Compared.] Philadelphia, 1898. -Canada under British Rule, 1760-1900. Cambridge, 1900.

Bradshaw (F.), Self-Government in Canada and How it was Won. London, 1903.
Bradley (A. G.), Canada in the Twentieth Century. London, 1903.

Bryce (G.), Manitoba: its Infancy, Growth, and Present Position. London, 1882. The Remarkable History of the Hudson Bay Company. London, 1900.

Buron (E. J. P.), Les Richesses du Canada. Paris, 1904.

Canadian Annual Review. Toronto. Annual.

Carnarvon (Earl of), Speeches on Canadian Affairs. London, 1902.

Chapleau (Hon. J. A.), Report on the Constitution of the Dominion of Canada. Ottawa, 1891.-Constitution and Government of Canada. 16. Montreal, 1894.

Dawson (S. E.), North America. Vol. I. [In Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel.] London, 1897.

Dawson (Sir W.), Fifty Years' Work in Canada. London, 1901.
Denison (G. T.), Soldiering in Canada. London, 1900.

Edgar (Sir J. D.), Canada and its Capital. London. 1898.

Faillion (Abbé), Histoire de la Colonie française en Canada. 2 vols. Fol. Montreal, 1865. Gagnon (P.), Essai de Bibliographie canadienne. Quebec, 1895.

Garland (N. S.), Banks, Bankers, and Banking, and Financial Directory of Canada. 2nd ed., Ottawa, 1895.

Garneau (F. X.), Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu'à nos jours. Montreal.

1882.

Gosnell (R. E.), Year Book of British Columbia. London.

Greswell (W. P.), History of the Dominion of Canada. London.-Geography of the Dominion of Canada. London, 1891.

Haldane (J. W. C.), Three Thousand Eight Hundred Miles across Canada. London, 1900. Hanbury (D. T.), Sport and Travel in the Northland of Canada. London, 1904. Hopkins (J. C.), Canada: an Encyclopædia. 6 vols. Toronto, 1897.-Progress of Canada in the Century. Edinburgh, 1902.-Morang's Annual Register of Canadian Affairs. Toronto. -The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs. Toronto.

Hodgins (T.), British and American Diplomacy affecting Canada. 1782-1899. Toronto, 1900. Jeans (J. S.), Canada's Resources and Possibilities. London, 1904.

Johnson (G.), Alphabet of First Things: a Ready Reference Book of Canadian Events. Ottawa, 1897.-Handbook of Canada for St. Louis Exhibition. 1904.

Kingsford (W.), History of Canada. 10 vols. London, 1887-98.

Langtry (J.) History of the Church of England in Eastern Canada. London, 1892. Legge (A. O.), Sunny Manitoba, its Peoples and its Industries. London, 1893. Lucas (C. P.), Historical Geography of the British Colonies. Vol. V. Oxford, 1900. Macpherson (Lieut.-Col. J. P.), Life of Sir John A. Macdonald, G.C.B. Toronto, 1892. Mockridge (Canon), The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland. Toronto, 1897.

Montagu (E. S.) and Herbert (B.), Canada and the Empire. London, 1904.

Morgan (H. J.), Bibliotheca Canadensis. Ottawa, 1903.-Canadian Men and Women of the Time. Ottawa, 1903.-Forty-two Years in the Civil Service of Canada. Ottawa, 1903. Munro (J. E. C.), The Constitution of Canada. 8. Cambridge, 1889.

Newton (W.), Twenty Years on the Saskatchewan, North-west Canada. London, 1897. Osborn (E. B.), Greater Canada. London, 1900.

Parker (Sir G.) and Bryan (C. G.), Old Quebec. London, 1903.

Parkin (G. R.), The Great Dominion. London, 1895.

Parkman (F.), France and England in America, consisting of the following works:Pioneers of France in the New World (1512-1635). 23rd ed. London, 1885.-The Jesuits in North America (1634-75). 20th ed. London, 1885.-La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (1643-89). 12th ed. London, 1885.-The Old Régime in Canada (1653-1763). 14th ed. London. 1895.-Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV. (1620–1701). 14th ed. London, 1885.-A Half-Century of Conflict (1700-48). 2 vols. London, 1892.Montcalm and Wolf (1710-63). 6th ed. 2 vols. London, 1885.-The Conspiracy of Pontiac (1663-1769). 10th ed. 2 vols. London, 1885.-Also the Oregon Trail: sketches of Prairie and Rocky Mountain Life (1847). New ed. London, 1892. There is a new edition of the whole Series. London, 1899.

Pike (Warburton), The Barren Grounds of Northern Canada. 8. London, 1896.-Through the Sub-Arctic Forest. [British Columbia and Alaska.] London, 1896.

Pope (J.), Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Sir J. A. Macdonald. 2 vols. London, 1894.

Roberts (C. D. G.), The Canadian Guide-Book. 2 vols. 8. London, 1892.-History of Canada. Boston, 1897.

Ryerson (Rev. E., D.D., LL.D.), The Loyalists of America and their Times. 2 vols. Toronto, 1880.

Selwyn (A. R. C.), and Dawson (G. M.), Descriptive Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Dominion of Canada. Montreal, 1884.

Short (A.), Early History of Canadian Banking.

Silver & Co.'s Handbook to Canada. London.

Somerset (H. S.), The Land of the Muskeg. [British Columbia.] London, 1895.

Stutfield (H. E. M.) and Collie (J. N.), Climbs and Explorations in the Canadian Rockies. London, 1903.

Todd (Dr. Alpheus, C.M.G.), Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies. Boston, 1880.

Tuttle (C. R.), Our North Land; being a full account of the Canadian North-West and Hudson's Bay Route. Toronto, 1885.

Tyrrell (J. W.), Across the Sub-Arctics of Canada. London, 1898.

Wheeler (G. J.). Confederation Law of Canada. London, 1896.

Willison (J. S.), Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party. 2 vols. London, 1903. Willmott (A. B.), Mineral Wealth of Canada. London, 1898.

Willson (B.), The Great Company. 2 vols. London, 1900.

Winsor (J.), The Struggle in America between England and France, 1697-1763. London, 1895.

Wrong (G. M.) and Langton (H. H.), Review of Historical Publications relating to Canada for the year 1900. Toronto, 1901.