II.-MOVEMENT OF POPULATION. The following table exhibits the number of births, deaths and marriages, with the surplus of births, in the lands of the Hungarian Crown according to the latest official returns : The percentage of stillborn to total births in Hungary is 2·05 in 1903. The rate of illegitimacy is 9.4 per cent. of the whole. The following are the emigration statistics of Hungary and immigration of Hungarians into the United States for six years :— The following were the total populations of the principal towns on December 31, 1890, and 1900: Religion. In Hungary there is perfect equality among all legally recognised religions. These are:-The Roman and Greek Catholic, the Evangelical (Augsburg and Helvetian), the Unitarian, the Greek-Oriental, the Gregorian-Armenian, and the Jewish. has the independent administration of its own affairs. Each The following figures relate to 1903 for Hungary (including Croatia and Slavonia): The following table gives the division of the total population according to religion on the basis of the census of 1900: Public education in Hungary comprises the following grades :-(1) Infant schools; (2) elementary schools and repetition courses; (3) middle or secondary schools, gymnasia and realschools (in Croatia and Slavonia, realgymnasia); (4) preparatory and training institutions for infant-school teachers and male and female teachers; (5) academies (high schools) of law; (6) institutions for religious education; (7) universities; (8) polytechnicum (technical high school). The schools for special subjects, such as agricultural, industrial, commercial, mining, and military schools, are for the greater part administered by the competent ministries, while the philanthropic and artistic schools are placed under the authority of the Ministry of Public Instruction. The progress of elementary education in Hungary in two intercensal periods is shown in the following statement: Compulsory school attendance was established by law in 1868, for children of six to twelve years, and repetition courses for children of twelve to fifteen years; the industrial law of 1884 requires special courses for apprentices; and by the law of 1891, children from three to six years of age may be sent to infant schools, unless otherwise provided for. Every parish or commune is bound to maintain an infant school. There are three grades: (1) regular infants' schools with certificated nurses; (2) permanent asylums; (3) summer asylums. There were in 1903 altogether 2,768 infants' schools with 249,331 infants, and 11 training colleges for nurses. Primary education is of three grades :-(1) Elementary schools connected with a repetition school; (2) high primary schools for boys and girls separately, with, respectively, a three and two years' course for economic or industrial education, and closely associated with the sixth class of the elementary school; (3) the so-called 'burgher' schools (Polgári iskolák) for boys and girls separately, with respectively a six and four years' course, and connected with the fourth class of the elementary school. There are also high schools for girls mostly supported by the State. In the elementary schools the subjects taught are religion, reading, writing, Hungarian and the mother tongue, arithmetic, some branches of natural history and physics, geography, history, drawing, singing, gymnastics, elements of hygiene and horticulture; to girls, domestic duties. Every parish or commune is bound to have a school if the number of children of school age is thirty. The number of State and State-aided elementary schools is rapidly increasing. For the support of the elementary schools every commune can levy an additional tax of 5 per cent. on the direct State taxes. There were in 1902-1903, 18,783 primary schools with 32,762 teachers, and 2,609,419 pupils. The number of the children of school age was 3,359,326, number of training colleges 92, with 1,113 teachers and 10,734 pupils. There were besides 151 'humanistic' schools, and 45 prison schools with a total attendance of 15,592. The gymnasia and realschools (in Croatia and Slavonia, the realgymnasia) supply preparation for the universities and for the technical high school. The curriculum of these extends over eight years. They are maintained by the State, by the larger communes, or (in the case of the confessional schools) by ecclesiastical foundations, eventually with a subvention from the State. There were in 1902-1903, 174 gymnasia, with 3,317 teachers and 55,131 pupils; 42 real schools, with 927 teachers and 12,726 pupils. The number of middle schools supported by private persons is insignificant. The middle school teachers obtain their scientific qualification at the universities and the polytechnicum, but there are training schools connected with the universities for their practical instruction. In Hungary there are three universities maintained by the State, each comprising four faculties, viz., theology, law, medicine, philosophy (the university of Zágráb is without the faculty of medicine); the university of Budapest, with 316 professors, &c., and 1,596 students; the University of Kolozsvár (Klausenburg), with 105 professors and 5,543 students; the University of Zágráb (Agram), with 86 professors and 894 students in 1903. There are also 49 theological colleges, viz., 29 Catholic, 5 Greek Catholic, 4 Greek Oriental, 10 Protestant, and 1 Jewish, with a total of 314 professors and 1,992 students; and 10 law schools with 124 professors and 1,645 students. The technical high school (polytechnicum) in Budapest with 121 professors and 1,467 students, comprises four faculties, viz., universal technics and chemistry, architectonics, machine-building, and engineering. There were besides, in 1903, 63 training in agriculture, 552 in industries of all kinds, 155 in commerce, 42 in art and music, 6 in mining 16 military institutes, &c., with 110,973 students and 5,584 teachers. There were of the 552 industrial schools, 478 for apprentices, with 2,928 teachers and 78,864 pupils; of the 145 commercial schools, 86 for apprentices with 376 teachers and 6,186 pupils. Of 3,359,326 children of school age, 2,712,570 (80.8 per cent.) attended school; the number at elementary schools was 2,011,555; at repetition schools, 545,831; at higher city schools (polgári iskolák), 52,035. Of the school children (in proper Hungary) 1,360,300 were Magyar (Hungarian). Of the 18,783 schools, 10,905 were Magyar; 3,349 Magyar with another language; 371 German; 430 Slovaks; 2,161 Rumanian; 1,485 Croatian; other languages, 82. The number of teachers was 32,762. In 1903, 1,483 periodicals of various kinds were published in Hungary, 257 being political papers. Of the whole, 1,027 were in Hungarian (75.02 per cent. in Hungary proper), 63 in Hungarian with another language, 167 in German, the rest being in Slavonian, Croatian, Ruthenian, French, Italian, &c. Justice and Crime. In Hungary the ordinary judicial authorities are :— The Royal Supreme Court (kir. Kuria) in Budapest and the Supreme Court of Justice (Table of Septemvirs) in Zágráb (Agram), of the highest instance in all civil and criminal matters; 12 Royal Tables (királyi táblák) of second instance. As courts of first instance, 76 county courts (törvényszékek) with collegiate judgeships; 458 district courts (járásbiróságok) with single judges; 15 jury ourts, (sajtóbiróságok) for press offences, besides an army special court, There are 11 penal establishments in Hungary for males, and 1 for females. The data relating to the number of the persons convicted up to the year 1899 are based on the judgments of the courts of first instance; from January 1, 1900, they are based on the judgments which have become valid. According to the new returns there have been convicted in Hungary proper for offences falling under the competence of the county courts and of the district courts (crimes, delicts and some kinds of trespasses), 79,208 persons in 1900, 97,116 in 1901, 108,780 in 1902; and 115,971 in 1903; for trespasses within the competence of the administrative authorities, 322,789 in 1900, 348,231 in 1901, and 442,065 in 1902; and 459,828 in 1903. In Croatia-Slavonia G G the number of the convicted at the county courts (crimes and delicts) was in 1900 2,843, 3,018 in 1901, 3,822 in 1902; and 3,782 in 1903; at the district courts (trespasses) 40,7 73 in 1900, 31,033 in 1901, 35,087 in 1902; and 36,060 in 1903. Pauperism. In Hungary poor relief is attached to the Ministry of the Interior, but in the main is left to communal administration. In the smaller communes orphans and the indigent are cared for by official guardians and overseers, while in the larger there are poor-houses, the funds being mostly derived from fines and taxes. The number of asylums for paupers and orphans is about 300. The Church and charitable societies also render assistance, and several millions of crowns are annually bestowed in legacies and gifts towards benevolent purposes. Finance. The following table shows the expenditure and revenue of Hungary in thousands of crowns: Total Revenue: Ordinary Transitory Extraordinary Total 9,376 13,246 12,223 23,265 23,571 20,213 773,804 1,009,026 1,083,521 1,101,833 1,110,695 2,178,6481 746,446 954,816 1,042, 023 1,038,661 1,063,617 1,026,543 93,900 107,404 155,013 12,799 22,352 1,114,2462 840,346 1,062,220 1,197,036 1,051,460 1,085,699 2,140,7891 1 Including 1,033,003 thousands of crowns from conversion of loans. The budget estimate for the year 1904 give the sources of revenue and branches of expenditure as follows: |