Bertha (A. de), La Hongrie Moderne, 1849-1901. Paris, 1901.-Th Hungarian Constitution. Paris.-Magyars et Roumanie devant l'histoire. Paris, 1899. Bothy (A. de), Development and Struggles of the Hungarian State. Budapest, 1901, 1903. (In Hungarian.) Beothy (Isolt), A magyar irodalom torténete. (History of Hungarian literature.) 2 ed., Budapest, 1899, 1900. Boleman et Chyzer, Die wichtigsten Kurorte und Mineralqucllen Ungarn's. Budapest, 1899. Browning (H. Ellen), A Girl's Wanderings in Hungary. 8. London, 1896. Bunzel (Dr. Julius), Studien zur Social nnd Wirtschaftspolitik Ungarns. Leipzig. 1902. Butler (E. D.), Article on Hungary in Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XII. Edinburgh, 1881. Catalogue general de l'exposition nationale millénaire de Budapest, 1896. I.-XXI. Ed. française. Chelard (R.), La Hongrie millénaire. Paris, 1896. Deák (Francis), Speeches. (In Hungarian.) Edited by M. Kónyi. New Edition. 1903. (6 volumes.) Dymond (T. S.), Agricultural Industry and Education in Hungary. Gerö (Louis), La littérature hongroise en chiffres. Budapest, 1900. Chelmsford, 1902. Guides Joanne, Etats du Danube et des Balkans. 1re Partie, Hongrie Méridionale, &c. Paris, 1888. IIme Partie, Haute Hongrie, &c. 2 vols. Paris, 1893. Halász (S.) and Mandello (Gy.), Dictionary of Political Economy. Vol. I.-III. (In Hungarian.) Budapest. Illés (Edvi A.), L'industrie des mines de fer et hauts fournaux de Hongrie. Budapest, 1900. Kahn (J.), Das heutige Budapest. Budapest, 1895. Kiss (István), Magyarország közjoga. (Public Law of Hungary). Budapest, 1888. Kmety (dr. Ch. de), Administrative Law of Hungary.--Constitutional Law of Hungary -Financial Law of Hungary. (In Hungarian.) Budapest, 1902. Láng (Louis), Vámpolitika (Commercial politics). Budapest, 1904. Matlekovits (S.), Magyarország közgazdasági és közmivelödési állapota ezeréves fennállásakor. (The Cultural and Economical Situation of Hungary at its Millennium) I.-IX. Budapest, 1897-98. French and German edition in two volumes (the latter entitled 'Das Königreich Ungarn '). Mazuchelli (N. E.), Magyarland. 2 vols. London, 1894. Nagy (Al. de), Pénsúgyi Compass (Financial Directory for Hungary). Annual. Nagy (E.), Magyarország közjoga. [Constitutional Law of Hungary.] 3d. ed. Budapest, 1896. Patterson (Arthur J.), The Magyars; their Country and its Institutions. 2 vols. 8. London, 1870. pest, 1899. Pauler (Gy.), History of Hungary under the House of Árpád (in Hungarian). New York, 1898. Pembroke (Tetridge), Handbooks for Travellers in Europe and the East. Germany, Austria-Hungary, &c. Buda Vol. II. Posewitz (Th.), Reisehandbuch für die Zips. Budapest, 1903. Remenyik (E.), Les mines de métaux de Hongrie. Budapest, 1900. Annual. 1894, by Ch. Mandello. 1895-1899, by A. Deutsch. 1871 Rudloff (R.), Die Landwirtshaft Ungarns in Reisebriefen geschildert. Berlin, 1897. Sayous (E.), Histoire Générale des Hongrois.-Ouvrage couronné par l'Académie française. 2nd ed. Paris, 1900. Singer and Wolfner's Handbook for Hungary and Budapest. 8. London, 1896. Sziklay (T.) and Borovszky (S.), Magyarország ármegyéi és városai. (The Counties and Buda Szterényi (Josef), La législation sociale en Hongrie. Budapest, 1897. Thirriny (Gustave), A magyarország Kivanporlú és a Külföldi magyarág. (Emigration from Hungary and the Hungarians in Foreign States). Brest, 1904, Timon (Akos), Magyar alkotmány és jogtörtenet (History of the Hungarian Law and Constitution). Budapest, 1903. Vámbéry (A.), Der Ursprung der Magyaren. Leipzig, 1882. Hungary. In 'Story of the Nations' Series. 8. London, 1887. Vautier (G.), La Hongrie économique. 8. Paris, 1893. Wiener (M), Entwicklung der ungarischen Zuckerindustrie. Budapest. 1902. 1893. Wrangel (C. G. Graf von), Ungarn's Pferdezucht in Wort und Bild. 4 vols. Stuttgart, Zichy (Eug. Graf von), Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise. 2 vols. Budapest, 1900-01. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA. Das Bauwesen in Bosnien und der Hercegovina, vom Baudepartement der Landesregie rung in Sarajevo, 1887. Hauptergebnisse des auswärtigen Waarenverkehres Bosniens und der Herzegovina. Annual. Sarajevo. Jahrbuch des bosn-herceg. Landesspitales in Sarajevo für 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899-1900. Herausgegeben von der Landesregierung in Sarajevo. Vienna, 1898 and 1903. Wissenschaftliche Mittheilungen aus Bosnia und der Hercegovina. Redig. von Dr. M. Hoernes, Annual. Vienna, 1893. Ortschafts. und Bevölkerungsstatistik von Bosnien und Hercegovina. Amtliche Ausgabe. 1885.-Hauptresultate der Volkszählung vom 22 April, 1895. Vienna, 1896. Ergebnisse der Viehzählung, 1895. Vienna, 1896. Die Landwirthschaft in Bosnien und der Hercegovina, Sarajevo 1899; Das Sanitätswesen in Bosnien und der Hercegovina, 1878-1901. Sarajevo, 1903. Das Veterinärwesen Bosniens und der Hercegovina, Sarajevo, 1899. Asboth (J.), An Official Tour through Bosnia and Herzegovina. Blau (Dr. E. 0. F. H.), Reisen in Bosnien und der Herzegowina. 8. Coquelle (P.), Histoire du Montenegro et de la Bosnie. Paris, 1896. [Translation.] Berlin, 1877. Evans (A. J.), Through Bosnia and Herzegovina on foot. 8. London, 1876. Haardt (V. von), Die Occupation Bosniens und der Herzegovina. 8. Vienna, 1878. Laveleye, The Balkan Peninsula. London, 1887. 8. Munro (R.), Rambles and Studies in Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Dalmatia. 2nd ed. London, 1900. Novibazar und Kossovo. 8. Vienna 1892. Sainte-Marie (E. de) L'Herzegovine. Paris, 1875. Schneller (H.), Die Staatsrechtliche Stellung von Bosnien und Herzegovina. Leipzic, 1892. Schwarz (D1. B.), Aus dem Osten; Reisebriefe aus Ungarn, &c. 8. Chemnitz, 1876. Stillman (W. J.), Herzegovina and the late uprising. London, 1877. The Land of the Bora; Camp Life and Sport in Dalmatia and the Herzegovina, 1894-96. Author not named.] London, 1897. Thoemmel (Gustav), Beschreibung des Vilajet Bosnien. 8. Vienna, 1867. BELGIUM. (ROYAUME DE BELGIQUE.) Reigning King. Leopold II., born April 9, 1835, the son of King Leopold I., former Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and of Princess Louise, daughter of the late King Louis Philippe of the French; ascended the throne at the death of his father, Dec. 10, 1865; married, Aug. 22, 1853, to Queen Marie Henriette, born Aug. 23, 1836, died September 19, 1902, the daughter of the late Archduke Joseph of Austria. Children of the King. I. Princess Louise, born Feb. 18, 1858; married, February 4, 1875, to Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. II. Princess Stéphanie, born May 21, 1864; married to the late Archduke Diédé Rudolf, only son of the Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, May 10, 1881; widow January 30, 1889 ; married March 22, 1900, to Elemer, Count of Lónyay de Nagy Lónya. III. Princess Clémentine, born July 30, 1872. Brother and Sister of the King. I. Philippe, Count of Flanders, born March 24, 1837; lieutenant-general in the service of Belgium; married, April 25, 1867, to Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Offspring of the union are three children living :— 1. Princess Henriette, born November 30, 1870; married February 12, 1896, to Prince Emmanuel of Orléans, Duc de Vendôme. 2. Princess Josephine, born October 18, 1872; married, May 28, 1894, to Prince Charles-Antoine of Hohenzollern. 3. Prince Albert, born April 8, 1875; married, October 2, 1900, to Princess Elisabeth of Bavaria; offspring Prince Leopold, born November 3, 1901; Prince Charles, born October 10, 1903. II. Princess Charlotte, born June 7, 1840; married, July 27, 1857, to Arch. duke Maximilian of Austria, elected Emperor of Mexico July 10, 1863; widow June 19, 1867. King Leopold II. has a civil list of 3,500,000 francs, including dotation of 200,000 francs to the Count of Flanders (heir presumptive). The Kingdom of Belgium formed itself into an independent State in 1830, having previously been a part of the Netherlands. The secession was decreed on October 4, 1830, by a Provisional Government, established in consequence of a revolution which broke out at Brussels on August 25, 1830. A National Congress elected Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg King of the Belgians on June 4, 1831; the prince accepted the dignity July 12, and ascended the throne July 21, 1831. By the Treaty of London, Nov. 15, 1831, the neutrality of Belgium was guaranteed by Austria, Russia, Great Britain, and Prussia. It was not until after the signing of the Treaty of London, April 19, 1839, which established peace between King Leopold I. and the sovereign of the Netherlands, that all the States of Europe recognised the Kingdom of Belgium. Constitution and Government. According to the Constitution of 1831 Belgium is ‘a constitutional, representative, and hereditary monarchy.' The legislative power is vested in the King, the Senate, and the Chamber of Representatives. The royal succession is in the direct male line in the order of primogeniture. By marriage without the King's consent, however, the right of succession is forfeited, but may be restored by the King with the consent of the two Chambers. No act of the King can have effect unless countersigned by one of his ministers, who thus becomes responsible for it. The King convokes, prorogues, and dissolves the Chambers. In default of male heirs, the King may nominate his successor with the consent of the Chambers. If the successor be under eighteen years of age, which is declared to be the age of majority, the two Chambers meet together for the purpose of nominating a regent during the minority. According to the constitution amended by law of 7th September, 1893, the Senate consists of members elected for eight years, partly directly, and partly indirectly. Their total number is 110. The number elected directly is equal to half the number of members of the Chamber of Representatives, and is proportioned to the population of each province. The constituent body is similar to that which elects deputies to the Chamber, except that the minimum age of electors is fixed at thirty years. In the election of members of the Senate chosen directly by the electoral body, the principle of proportional representation of parties was introduced by Law of December 29, 1899. In 1901-02 the number of electors for the Senate was 1,255,899, of whom 701,603 had each one vote, 317,669 two votes, and 236,627 three votes. Senators elected indirectly are chosen by the provincial councils, two for each province with less than 500,000 inhabitants; three for each with a population up to 1,000,000; and four for each with over 1,000,000. No one, during two years preceding the election, must have been a member of the council appointing him. All senators must be at least forty years of age, and those elected directly must pay not less than 1,200 francs in direct taxes, or own immovable property in Belgium yielding an income of 12,000 francs. In provinces, however, where the number eligible for the Senate would be less than one in 5,000 of population, the list is extended to this proportion by admission of the most highly taxed. Sons of the King, or failing these, Belgian princes of the reigning branch of the Royal Family are by right Senators at the age of eighteen, but have no voice in the deliberations till the age of twenty-five years. Their pre The members of the Chamber of Representatives are all elected directly by the electoral body, but with proportional representation of parties (Law of the December 29, 1899). Their number is proportioned to the population, and cannot exceed one for every 40,000 inhabitants. sent number is 166. They sit for four years, one half retiring every two years, except that after a dissolution a general election takes place. Every citizen over twenty-five years of age, domiciled for not less than one year in the same commune, and not legally disqualified, has a vote. Every citizen over thirty-five years of age, married or widower, with legitimate issue, and paying at least 5 francs a year in house tax, has a supplementary vote, as has also every citizen over twenty-five years of age owning immovable property to the cadastral value of 2,000 francs, or having a corresponding cadastral income from such property, or who for two years has derived at least 100 francs a year from Belgian funds either directly or through the Savings Bank. Two supplementary votes are given to citizens over twenty-five years of age who have received a diploma of higher instruction, or a certificate of higher secondary instruction, or who fill or have filled offices or engaged in private professional practice, implying at least average higher instruction. No person has more than 3 votes; failure to vote is a misdemeanour, punishable by law. In 1901-02 the number of electors for the Chamber was 1,492,382, of whom 924,379 had one vote, 324,970 two votes, and 243,033 three votes. Deputies must be not less than twenty-five years of age, and resident in Belgium. Each deputy has an annual indemnity of 4,000 francs (1607.), and a free pass over Government and Companies' railways between his home and the place of Session. |