3. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.-Count Raben Levetzau. 4. Ministry of the Interior.-Sigurd Berg. 5. Ministry of Justice.-M. Alberti 6. Ministry of Finance.-Wilhelm Lassen. 7. Ministry of Public Instruction and Ecclesiastical Affairs. -Enevold Sörensen. 8. Ministry of Agriculture.-M. Ole Hansen. 9. Ministry of Public Works.-Svend Högsbro. The ministers are individually and collectively responsible for their acts, and if impeached, and found guilty, cannot be pardoned without the consent of the Folkething. Denmark is divided into 18 counties (Amter), each of which is administered by a Governor (Amtmand), and the counties into Hundreds (Herreder), each with a portion of the Peace (Herredsfoged or Birkedommer). In the towns there is a Mayor, appointed by the government, with or without aldermen. The Hundreds are divided into parishes of which there are, in all, about 1,070. Copenhagen forms a district by itself, and has its own form of administration. The chief of the dependencies of the Crown of Denmark, Iceland, has its own constitution and administration, under a charter which came into force August 1, 1874. By the terms of this charter, modified by two laws of October 3, 1903, the legislative power is vested in the Althing, consisting of 40 members, 34 elected by popular suffrage, and 6 nominated by the king. A minister for Iceland (M. Hannes Hafstein) nominated by the king, and residing at Reikjavik is the responsible head of the administration. The offices of the governor and the two Amtmands have been abolished. Area and Population. The following table gives the area and population of Denmark, according to the last decennial census, taken February 1, 1901 The population (excluding the Faeroes) consisted of 1,193,448 males and 1,256,092 females. The total population at the census of 1890 was 2,172,380, showing an increase during those 11 years of 12 per cent., or 1.1 per cent. per annum. In Denmark proper the town population has increased from 722,244 in 1890 to 936,565 in 1901, or at the rate of 29.7 per cent. ; while the rural population has increased from 1,450,136 in 1890 to 1,512,975 in 1901, or at the rate of 4.3 per cent. The population is almost entirely Scandi navian ; in 1901, of the inhabitants of Denmark proper, 96.66 per cent. were born in Denmark, 0·07 per cent. were born in the Colonies, 0·15 per cent. in Norway, 1·45 per cent. in Sweden, 0.97 per cent. in Sleswig, 0.47 per cent. in other parts of Germany, and 0.23 per cent. in other foreign countries. The foreign-born population was thus 3.27 per cent. of the whole. According to occupation the population of Denmark in 1901 was classified thus:- The population of the capital, Copenhagen (Kjöbenhavn), in 1901, was 378,235, or with suburbs, 476, 806; Aarhus, 51,814; Odense, 40, 138; Aalborg, 31,457; Horsens, 22,243; Randers, 20,057. The following table gives the total number of births, deaths, and marriages, with the surplus of births over deaths, in five years : Of the births 10 per cent. were illegitimate. In 1901 there were 375 divorces; in 1902, 481; in 1903, 449. Emigrants, chiefly to the United States, 2,340 in 1898; 2,799 in 1899; 3,570 in 1900; 4,657 in 1901; 6,823 in 1902; 8,214 in 1903. Religion. The established religion of Denmark is the Lutheran, which was introduced as early as 1536, the Church revenue being at that time seized by the Crown, to be delivered up to the university and other religious and educational establishments. The affairs of the National Church are under the superintendence of seven bishops. The bishops have no political character. Complete religious toleration is extended to every sect, and no civil disabilities attach to Dissenters. According to the census of 1901 there were 2,436,084 Protestants, 5,373 Roman Catholics, 106 Greek Catholics, 3,473 Jews, 4,501 other or of no confession. Instruction. Elementary education has been widely diffused in Denmark since the beginning of this century, and in 1814 it was made compulsory. The school age is from 7 to 14. The public schools, maintained by communal rates, are free. Of elementary schools there are about 2,940 (28 in Copenhagen, 132 in other towns, and 2,780 in rural districts), with 326,268 pupils in the year 1903. For higher instruction there are a veterinary and agricultural college at Copenhagen with 37 professors and teachers and about 300 pupils in 1901; 12 agricultural or horticultural schools; 72 folkehöjskoler or popular high schools; 31 Latin schools (14 Government, 17 private); a college of pharmacy (founded 1892) with 7 teachers and 57 students; a Royal academy of arts (founded 1754) with 7 teachers and 200 pupils; a Polytechnic Institution (founded 1829) with 23 professors and teachers and about 450 students; 99 realskoler or technical and commercial schools. The higher schools for children (Latin schools and realskoler), together with other nonmunicipal schools in 1903, had an attendance of 57,002 pupils. folkehöjskoler are all private, but to them and the agricultural schools the state annually makes a grant of about 400,000 kroner. To 72 of the realskoler grants are made amounting annually to about 110,000 kroner, exclusive of the cost of apparatus, inspection, &c. The University of Copenhagen founded in 1479, has 5 faculties, to all of which, except theology, women are admitted on equal terms with men. It has 85 professors and teachers, and about 400 students have matriculated every year. Justice and Crime. The The lowest courts of justice in Denmark are those of the hundred or district magistrates (herredsfogder and birkedommere) and town judges (byfogder). From these courts an appeal lies to the superior court (Overret), or court of second instance, in Viborg with 9 judges, and in Copenhagen with 20 judges. The Copenhagen superior court, however, is identical with that of the civic magistrates. The supreme court (Höjesteret) or court of final appeal, with a chief justice, 12 puisne judges, and 11 special judges sits in Copenhagen. Judges under 65 years of age can be removed only by judicial sentence. In 1902, 3,109 men and 791 women were convicted of crimes and delicts; 44,093 persons were convicted of minor offences. On March 31, 1902, 722 men and 96 women were in the penitentiaries of Denmark. Finance. By the terms of the Constitution of Denmark the annual financial budget, called the Finanslovforslag,' must be laid on the table of the Folkething at the beginning of each session. As to the annual financial accounts, called 'Statsregnskab,' the Constitutional Charter prescribes them to be examined by four paid revisers, two of whom are elected by the Folkething and two by the Landsthing. Their report is submitted to both Chambers, which, after due consideration, pass their resolution generally to the effect that they have no remarks to make on the balance-sheet. The following shows the actual revenue and expenditure for the five years ending March 31 (18·16 kroner = 17.) :—— The estimated revenue for 1904-1905 was 76,025,535 kroner, and expenditure 78,901,069 kroner. The following is an abstract of the budget for 1905-1906 : An important feature in the administration of the finances of the kingdom is the maintenance of a reserve fund of a comparatively large amount. In 1867 it was 116,246,060 kroner; in 1877, 38,365,915 kroner; in 1887, 17,820,879 kroner. On March, 31, 1904, it stood at 17,893,540 kroner. The object of the reserve fund is to provide means at the disposal of the Government in the event of sudden occurrences. The public debt of Denmark has been incurred in part by large annual deficits in former years, before the establishment of parliamentary government, and in part by railway undertakings and the construction of harbours, lighthouses, and other works of public importance. The following table gives the national liabilities at different periods, from 1890 to 1904 : The debt is divided into an internal and a foreign. The total foreign debt amounted in 1904 to 174,627,250 kroner. The debt is mostly at 3 per cent. The interest of the debt for 1903-04 was set down as 8,098,758 kroner. The investments of the State on March 31, 1904, including the reserve fund, but excluding the State railways (valued at 190,980,888 kroner) and the domains amounted to 110,467,516 kroner, The revenue and expenditure, and the property and debt of Copenhagen from January 1, 1903, to March 31, 1904, and of the provincial towns and places and rural communes in 1902, were as follows: : Copenhagen (1903) . Revenue Expenditure Debt Property Kroner Kroner Kroner Kroner 27,377,746 29,433,816 97,523,599 100,395,786 Provincial Towns (1902) 20,114,215 19,001,690 78,475,334 48,702,974 4,282,345 4,216,742 11,691,811 9,329,676 32,376,423 32,113,542 74,575,825 37,952,088 Places Rural Communes Defence. The army of Denmark consists of all the able-bodied young men of the kingdom who have reached the age of 22 years. They are liable to service for eight years in the regular army and its reserve, constituting the first line, and for eight years subsequent in the extra reserve. The drilling is divided into two periods: the first lasts six months for the infantry; three months for the field artillery and the engineers, eight months for the cavalry; and four months for the siege artillery and the technic corps. The second period of drill, which is for only a portion of the recruits of each branch of arms, notably those who have profited the least by the first course, lasts eight months for the infantry, eleven months for the cavalry, and one year for the artillery and the engineers. Besides, every corps has to drill each year during twenty-five days. The kingdom is divided into two divisions or commands, the eastern and the western, the former subdivided into two and the latter into three brigades, and each brigade into two regi |