There are Consuls at Belfast, Bristol, Edinburgh (C.G.), Hull (C.G.), Leith, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Sheffield, Southampton Swansea, Yarmouth. 2 OF GREAT BRITAIN IN DENMARK. Envoy and Minister.—Sir W. E. Goschen, K. C. M. G., appointed April 6, 1900. Secretary.-Vacant. There are Consuls at Copenhagen, Reikjavik (Iceland), St. Thomas (West Indies), Thorshavn (Faroe Islands). Colonies. The colonial possessions of Denmark consist of territories in Europe and America. Their area and population in 1901, and the value of their imports into and exports from Denmark alone in 1903, according to Danish returns, In 1903 the imports into the United Kingdom from Iceland and Greenland (mostly fish and fish products) amounted to 171,9337., and the British exports thereto, to 86,7147. The trade of Greenland is a State monopoly. The West Indian Islands, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John, are inhabited mostly by free negroes engaged in the cultivation of the sugar-cane; but the trade with Denmark, formerly considerable, has fallen off in recent years. The imports from the Danish West Indies into the United Kingdom amounted to only 5447. in 1903; and the exports of British produce to these islands to 51,9621. Various measures for the development of the Islands and for their representation in the Danish Parliament are under the consideration of the Danish Government. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Denmark. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions. Imp. 4. London. London. Den dansk-tyske Krig, 1864. Udgivet af Generalstaben. 8. Kjöbenhavn. 1890. Statistisk Aarbog.. Annual. Kjöbenhavn. Statistiske Meddelelser. Kjöbenhavn. Statistisk Tabelvaerk. Kjöbenhavn. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Baedeker's Handbook for Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, Sth ed. 12. London, 1903. Blaiker (W.), Across Iceland. London, 1902. Body of Laws, 1670-1901. (Love og Anordninger vid Schou, &c.) Both, Kongeriget Danmark, en historisk-topographisk Beskrivelse. havn, 1882-85. 2 vols. Kjöben Bröchner (J.), Danish Life in Town and Country. London, 1903. Denmark, its Medical Organisation, Hygiene and Demography. Copenhagen, 1891. Matzen, Danmarks Statsforvaltning. Ret. I.-III. Kjöbenhavn, 1898-1901. Nationalökonomisk Tidsskrift. Periodical. Kjöbenhavn. Nyholm (C. C. V.), Grundtrack af Danmarks Statsforvaltning. Copenhagen, 1893. Otte (E. C.), Denmark and Iceland. 8vo. London, 1881. Seignobos (C.), A_Political History of Contemporary Europe, 1814-1896. 2 vols. [From the French.] London, 1900. Sellers (Edith), The Danish Poor Relief System. London, 1904. Sidgwick (C. S.), The Story of Denmark. London, 1890. Starcke, Olrik, and Carlsen, Le Danemark. Paris, 1900. Thomas (Margaret), Denmark Past and Present. London, 1902. Weitemeyer (H.), and Trap (T. P.), Statistisk-topographisk Beskrivelse af Kongeriget Danmark. 3rd ed. 4 vols. Kjöbenhavn. Weitemeyer (H.), Dänemark; Geschichte und Beschreibung. 12. (Of this there is an English translation. 8. London, 1891.) Year-Book of the Danish Tourist Club. Copenhagen. 3. DEPENDENCIES. Bisiker (W.), Across Iceland. London, 1902. Carstensen (A. R.), Two Summers in Greenland. 8. London, 1890. Guðmundsson (V.), Island am Beginn des XX. Jahrhunderts [Trans. from the Danish] Kattowitz, Silesia, 1904. Leith (Mrs.), Three Visits to Iceland. London, 1897. MacCormick (W. F.), A Ride Across Iceland in 1891. 8. London, 1892. Nansen (F.), The First Crossing of Greenland. London, 1891. Eskimo Life. S London, 1893. Taylor (C. E.) Leaflets from the Danish West Indies. S. London, 1888 Thoroddsen (Th.), Geschichte der Isländischen Geographie. 2 Bände. Leipzic, 1897-08. Thoroddsen, Islands Kultur. Kjöbenhavn, 1902. ECUADOR. (REPÚBLICA DEL ECUADOR.) Constitution and Government. The Republic of Ecuador was constituted May 11, 1830, in consequence of a civil war which separated the members of the original Republic of Colombia, founded by Simon Bolivar, by uniting the Presidency of Quito to the Vice-Royalty of New Grenada, and the Captaincy-General of Venezuela, when they threw off the Spanish yoke. By its Constitution, dating 1884, with modifications in 1887 and 1897, the executive is vested in a President, elected for the term of four years, while the legislative power is given to a Congress of two Houses; the first consisting of two senators for each province (chosen for two years), and the second of deputies, on the basis of one deputy for every 15,000 inhabitants, chosen for two years; both elected by adults who can read and write. The Congress meets on the 10th of August of every year at Quito, the capital, without being summoned by the Government. The election of the President takes place in a direct manner by the people, and that of the Vice-President, whose term of office is also four years, by the same procedure, but two years after that of the President, so that he is a member of two distinct administrations. The Vice-President in certain cases may be called upon to occupy the Presidential chair. He also discharges the duties of President of the Council State. President of the Republic.-Señor Lizardo Garcia. The President, who receives a salary of 12,000 sucrés a year, theoretically exercises his functions through a Cabinet of five ministers, who, together with himself, may be impeached by Congress, and who, with other seven members, form a Council of State. Each minister receives a salary of 2,880 sucrés a year. The President has the power of veto, but if Congress insist on a vetoed bill becoming law, he has no alternative but to give his assent to it. He may summon an Extraordinary Congress for a specified purpose, but he cannot dissolve the Chambers or shorten their sittings. By the terms of the Constitution privileges of rank and race are not allowed to exist within the Republic, but most of the Indians are virtually in bondage. By an edict of 1896, the Indians are exempted from paying tribute, and are admitted to citizenship. The Provinces are administered by Governors, appointed by the Government; their subdivisions, or cantons, by political chiefs; and the parishes by political lieutenants. The Galapagos Archipelago is under a local adminis trator. Area and Population. The area of Ecuador is about 116,000 square miles, divided into sixteen provinces and one territory, with about 1,205,600 inhabitants, or if uncivilised Indians be included, about 1,400,000. The bulk of the population is Indian; inhabitants of pure European blood are few; those of mixed blood are estimated at about 400,000. Included in the above statement are the Galapagos or Tortoise Islands, with an area of 2,400 square miles, and a population of about 400. A Boundary Treaty which was concluded between Peru and Ecuador on the 2nd of May, 1890, and sanctioned by the Ecuadorian Congress, was subjected to amendment by Peru in 1893, and in 1894 was revoked by the Ecuadorian Congress. Ecuador is also involved in a dispute with the Republic of Colombia respecting certain territories on the left bank of the river Napo. The population of the Republic is distributed as follows: The chief towns are the capital, Quito (80,000), Guayaquil (51,000), Cuenca (30,000), Riobamba (18,000), Ambato, Loja, and Latacunga (each about 10,000), Balna (8,000), Esmeraldas (4,000). Religion and Instruction. The Church of the Republic, according to the Constitution, is the Roman Catholic. Its income, in substitution for tithes, is annually provided for in the estimates. In 1904 a law was passed and promulgated placing the Church and its property under the control of the State, and forbidding the foundation of new orders or the entrance of foreign religious communities into the country. All members of the Episcopate are required to be Ecuadorian citizens. Civil marriages are permitted in accordance with regulations prescribed by law of December, 1902. Primary education is gratuitous and obligatory. There is a University in Quito with 32 professors and. 216 students, and University bodies in Cuenca and Guayaquil. There are 9 schools for higher education, 35 secondary, and 1,088 primary schools; the total number of teachers is 1,498, and of pupils 68,380. There are commercial and technical schools in Quito and Guayaquil, and, in 1900, English began to be taught in the normal schools, about a dozen American teachers being employed. Justice and Crime. The appellate courts are the Supreme Court in Quito, and six superior courts at different centres. The inferior courts deal with criminal, civil, and commercial cases. In the Republic there are 33 cantonal and 359 parochial justices, and 85 solicitors admitted to practice. There are consular or com mercial courts in Quito, in Guayaquil, and Cuenca. Finance. Of the total revenue about 70 per cent. is derived from customs duties; 15 per cent. from taxes on cocoa, real estate, white rum, and tobacco; 6 per cent. from salt and gunpowder monopolies, and the remainder mostly from excise, rents of State property, and the postal department. The revenue and expenditure for recent years (estimates for 1903 and 1993) are given as follows in sucrés of 24d., but the figures are not to be taken as representing the exact state of affairs: Of the estimated revenue for 1903, 8,031,700 sucrés is from customs. Of the expenditure 3,247,700 sucrés is for finance, 1,965,700 sucrés for public works, 2,729,192 sucrés for war and marine, 1,151,308 sucrés for internal government. The foreign liabilities of the Republic began with a debt of 1,824,0007., which amount formed the part of the debt assigned to Ecuador on its secession from Colombia in 1830. In 1854 an arrangement was made with the bondholders, under which this debt was recognised by Ecuador, but in 1867 service of this debt ceased. The arrears of interest amounted in 1891 to 428,6407. In July, 1892, the capital of the foreign debt was reduced to 750,000l., and an arrangement was made for the payment of interest and for amortization. In 1895 another arrangement was made, but, on March 14, 1896, the President (then Supreme Chief) decreed the suspension of payments to the bondholders until a still more advantageous arrangement should be concluded. 1897, 1898, 1899 and 1900 contracts were made for the purchase of the foreign debt by the Guayaquil and Quito Railway Company. In 1903 the Railway Company failed to meet its obligations with respect to the special sinking fund, and a new agreement was made. The outstanding debt under these contracts amounted in July, 1904, to 8,566,000 sucrés. The internal debt amounted to 4,580,000 sucrés at the end of 1896, but has been largely increased since that date. Defence. The Ecuadorian army numbers 4,379 officers and men. In This force is com posed of 3 brigades of artillery, 9 battalions of infantry, and a regiment of cavalry. The national guard is said to consist of 90,000 men. Military service is obligatory from 18 to 32 years of age in the army, and from 32 to 45 in the national guard. The navy consists of a torpedo launch, and a transport, which vessels are manned by about 130 men. Production and Commerce. The staple produce of Ecuador is cocoa, which is grown in Los Rios and other provinces near the coast. The total production of cocoa in 1900 was 18,820,000 kilos. ; in 1901, 20,835,000 kilos.; in 1902, 21,505, 303 kilos.; in 1903, 23,005,042 kilos. Coffee is also grown, the production having amounted in 1901, to 2,267,000 kilos; in 1902, to 3,453,181 kilos.; in 1903, to 2,642 222 kilos. The export of Brazil nuts reached 18,241,459 kilos. in 1902; 18,130,077 kilos. in 1903. Cotton, Peruvian bark, orchilla, and sarsaparilla are also produced. The rubber industry is also important, and as the accessible supply from wild trees is being rapidly exhausted, attention is now turned to the planting of trees. The quantity exported in 1900 was put at 501,600 kilos., in 1901, 322,374 kilos.; in 1902, 394,809 kilos.; in 1903, 494,864 kilos. Ecuador is eminently auriferous. At Zaruma, in the province of Oro, there are quartz crushings; at Esmeraldas an American company extracts gold by hydraulic methods from gravel beds; in many auriferous streams the Indians, by washings, find considerable quantities of gold The exports of gold in 1903 amounted to 733 kilos uncoined (value, 53, 5847.), and 813 kilos coined (value, 87.5001.). At Pillzhum in |