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almost inaccessible. It can be entered only by the Me-kong, which is barred at Khone by rapids. A railway, four miles in length, has been constructed across that island, and by means of it several steam launches have been transported to the upper waters, where they now ply. A telegraph line connects Hué in Annam with the towns on the Me-Kong, and these with Saigon. The cost of the Laos administration is borne by Cochin-China (to the extent of six-thirteenths), Tonkin and Annam (fivethirteenths), and Cambodia (two-thirteenths). The Laos local revenue and expenditure for 1904 were estimated at 883,700 dollars.

Books of Reference on French Asia.

Indo-Chine Française. Rapport Général sur les Statistiques des Douanes Annual. Hanoi. Notice sur le Laos français [official]. Hanoï, 1900.

Aymonier (E.), Le Cambodge. 3 vols. Paris, 1900-04.

Barral (Joleaud), La Colonisation française au Tonkin et en Annam. Paris, 1899.
Barthélemy (Comte de), En Indo-Chine. Paris, 1899.

Bernard (F.), Indo-Chine. Paris, 1901.

Billet (A.), Deux Ans dans le Haut Tonkin. Paris, 1898.

Boell (P.), L'Inde et le Problème Indien. Paris, 1901.

Boisset (Th.), A travers le Tonkin pendant la Guerre. 12. Paris, 1892.

Bonhoure (E.), l'Indo-Chine. Paris, 1900.

Chailley-Bert (J.), La Colonisation de l'Indo-Chine. 12. Paris, 1892. [English Translation. London, 1894.]

Coussoet (A.) and Ruel (E.), Douze Mois chez les Sauvages du Laos. Paris, 1898.
Cunningham (A.), The French in Tonkin and South China. London, 1902.

Denjoy (P.), Indo-Chine française. 8. Paris, 1894.

Destelan (Picard), Annain et Tonkin: Notes de Voyage. 8. Paris, 1892.

Doumer (Paul), L'Indo-Chine Française (Souvenir). Paris, 1904.

Dupuis (J.), Le Tong-kin et l'Intervention française. Paris, 1897.

Fosses (Castonnet des), L'Inde Française au XVIII Siècle. Paris.

Gallois (E), A travers les Indes. Paris, 1899.-La France d'Asie. Paris, 1900.
Gioi (M.), Deux Années de Lutte. 12. Paris, 1892.

Gosselin (Capt.), Le Laos et le Protectorat français. Paris, 1900.- L'Empire d'Annam. Paris, 1904.

Haurigot (G.), Les Etablissements français dans l'Inde et en Océanie. S. Paris, 1891. Hocquard (C. E.), Une Campagne au Tonquin. 8. Paris, 1892.

Jammes (H. L.), Au Pays Annamite. Paris, 1898.-Souvenirs du Pays d'Annam. Paris,

1899.

Lagrillière-Beauclerc (Eug.), A travers l'Indo-Chine, Cochinchine, Camboge, Annam, Tonkin, Laos. Paris, 1900.

Leclère (A.), Recherches sur la législation cambodienne: droit privé. Paris, 1890; droit public, Paris, 1894; législation criminelle, Paris, 1894.-Cambodge, Contes et légendes. Paris, 1895.

Lefevre (E.), Un Voyage au Laos. Paris, 1898.

Liraye (M. le G. de la), L'Empire d'Annam et le Peuple Annamite.
Madrolle (C.), Indo-Chine, Indes, Siam (Guide-books). Paris, 1902.
Mesny (Gen. W.), Tungking. 8. London, 1884.

Mission Pavie Indo-Chine, 1879-95. Etude Diverse. Paris, 1899.

S. Paris, 1889.

Mouhot (A. H.), Voyage dans les Royaumes de Siam, de Cambodge, du Laos, &c. Paris, 1868. Travels in the central parts of Indo-China, Cambodia, and Laos during 1858-60, 2 vols. 8. London, 1864.

Neton (A.), L'Indo-Chine et son Avenir Economique. Paris, 1903.

Nicolas (P.), Le Vie française Cochinchine. Paris, 1900.

Norman (C. B.), Tonkin, or France in the Far East. 8. London, 1884. Peoples and Politics of the Far East. London, 1895.

Orléans (Prince H. d'), Autour du Tonkin. Paris, 1896.--Du Tonkin aux Indes. Paris. 1897. [Eng. Trans. by H. Bent]. London, 1897.

Pavie (A.), Mission Pavie Indo-Chine, 1879-95. Géographie et Voyages. Paris, 1901. Picanon (E.), Le Laos Français. Paris, 1900.

Reclus (E.), Nouvelle Géographie Universelle. Vol. VIII. Paris, 1883.

Reinach (L. de), Le Laos. 2 vols. Paris, 1901.

Verschuur (G.), Aux Colonies d'Asie et dans l'Ocean Indien. Paris, 1900.

AFRICA.

ALGERIA.

(L'ALGÉRIE.)

Government.

The government and administration of Algeria are centralised at Algiers under the authority of the Governor-General who represents the Government of the Republic throughout Algerian territory. With the exception of the non-Mussulman services of Justice, Public Instruction, Worship, and the Treasury, which are under competent ministers, all the services are under his direction. Since the enactment of the law of December 19, 1900, he has to prepare a special budget for Algeria; he grants concessions for works, and he contracts loans in the name of the Colony.

The budget of Algeria which, since 1901, has been entirely distinct from that of France, comprises under revenue the imposts of every sort which are collected within the Colony and under expenditure the whole of the civil disbursements. The expenditure on War and Marine is still at the cost of the mother country, as is also the burden of guarantees of interest on railways up to 1926. The budget, prepared by the Governor under the control of the Minister of the Interior, is discussed and voted by the Financial Delegations and the Superior Council. These Delegations were instituted in 1878 to enable the body of tax-payers to state their views on questions of imposts by means of elected delegates. There are three Delegations representing respectively the French colonists, the French tax-payers other than colonists, and the Mussulman natives. The Superior Council is composed of elected members and of high officials. Lastly, the Governor is assisted in the exercise of his functions by a purely consultative council of government.

The French Chambers have alone the right of legislating for Algeria, while such matters as do not come within the legislative power are regulated by decree of the President of the Republic. Each department sends one senator and two deputies to the National Assembly.

Under a law of December 24, 1902, the Algerian Territories of the South' are being constituted under a separate administration. The GovernorGeneral will represent the Territories in civil affairs; the budget will be distinct from that of Algeria; an annual subvention will be provided in the French budget; but administrative and financial details are not yet published. Governor-General.-M. Jonnart, appointed in 1903.

Area and Population.

The colony is divided officially into three departments, consisting as a whole of the 'Territoire civil,' and a 'Territoire de commandement.' There are 17 arrondissements and 352 communes. Within the civil territory there are communes with full rights (like communes in France) and also mixed communes; within the military territories, mixed and native communes. Both mixed and native communes are vast circumscriptions with a dominant native population, administered, in civil territory, by a civil administrator, and in military territory, by a superior commandant. The following table gives the area of each of the three departments of Algeria, according to the census of March 24, 1901 :

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almost inaccessible.

It can be entered only by the Me-kong, which is barred at Khone by rapids. A railway, four miles in length, has been constructed across that island, and by means of it several steam launches have been transported to the upper waters, where they now ply. A telegraph line connects Hué in Annam with the towns on the Me-Kong, and these with Saigon. The cost of the Laos administration is borne by Cochin-China (to the extent of six-thirteenths), Tonkin and Annam (fivethirteenths), and Cambodia (two-thirteenths). The Laos local revenue and expenditure for 1904 were estimated at 883,700 dollars.

Books of Reference on French Asia.

Indo-Chine Française. Rapport Général sur les Statistiques des Douanes Annual. Hanoi. Notice sur le Laos français [official]. Hanoï, 1900.

Aymonier (E.), Le Cambodge. 3 vols. Paris, 1900-04.

Barral (Joleaud), La Colo.isation française au Tonkin et en Annam. Paris, 1899.
Barthélemy (Comte de), En Indo-Chine. Paris, 1899.

Bernard (F.), Indo-Chine. Paris, 1901.

Billet (A.), Deux Ans dans le Haut Tonkin. Paris, 1898.

Boell (P.), L'Inde et le Problème Indien. Paris, 1901.

Boisset (Th.), A travers le Tonkin pendant la Guerre. 12. Paris, 1892.

Bonhoure (E.), l'Indo-Chine. Paris, 1900.

Chailley-Bert (J.), La Colonisation de l'Indo-Chine. 12. Paris, 1892. [English Translation. London, 1894.]

Coussoet (A.) and Ruel (E.), Douze Mois chez les Sauvages du Laos. Paris, 1898.
Cunningham (A.), The French in Tonkin and South China. London, 1902.

Denjoy (P.), Indo-Chine française. 8. Paris, 1894.

Destelan (Picard), Annam et Tonkin: Notes de Voyage. S. Paris, 1892.

Doumer (Paul), L'Indo-Chine Française (Souvenir). Paris, 1904.

Dupuis (J.), Le Tong-kin et l'Intervention française. Paris, 1897.

Fosses (Castonnet des), L'Inde Française au XVIII Siècle. Paris.

Gallois (E), A travers les Indes. Paris, 1899.-La France d'Asie, Paris, 1900.

Gioi (M.), Deux Années de Lutte. 12. Paris, 1892.

Gosselin (Capt.), Le Laos et le Protectorat français. Paris, 1900.- L'Empire d'Annam. Paris, 1904.

Haurigot (G.), Les Etablissements français dans l'Inde et en Océanie. 8. Paris, 1891. Hocquard (C. E.), Une Campagne au Tonquin. 8. Paris, 1892.

Jammes (H. L.), Au Pays Annamite. Paris, 1898.-Souvenirs du Pays d'Annam. Paris,

1899.

Lagrillière-Beauclerc (Eug.), A travers l'Indo-Chine, Cochinchine, Camboge, Annain, Tonkin, Laos. Paris, 1900.

Leclère (A.), Recherches sur la législation cambodienne: droit privé. Paris, 1890; droit public, Paris, 1894; législation criminelle, Paris, 1894.-Cambodge, Contes et légendes. Paris, 1895.

Lefèvre (E.), Un Voyage au Laos. Paris, 1898.

Liraye (M. le G. de la), L'Empire d'Annam et le Peuple Annamite. S. Paris, 1889. Madrolle (C.), Indo-Chine, Indes, Siam (Guide-books). Paris, 1902,

Mesny (Gen. W.), Tungking. 8. London, 1884.

Mission Pavie Indo-Chine, 1879-95. Etude Diverse. Paris, 1899.

Mouhot (A. H.), Voyage dans les Royaumes de Siam, de Cambodge, du Laos, &c. Paris, 1868. Travels in the central parts of Indo-China, Cambodia, and Laos during 1858-60. 2 vols. 8. London, 1864.

Neton (A.), L'Indo-Chine et son Avenir Economique. Paris, 1903.

Nicolas (P.), Le Vie française Cochinchine. Paris, 1900.

Norman (C. B.), Tonkin, or France in the Far East. 8. London, 1884. Peoples and Politics of the Far East. London, 1895.

Orléans (Prince H. d'), Autour du Tonkin. Paris, 1896.--Du Tonkin aux Indes. Paris. 1897. [Eng. Trans. by H. Bent]. London, 1897.

Pavie (A.), Mission Pavie Indo-Chine, 1879-95. Géographie et Voyages. Paris, 1901.
Picanon (E.), Le Laos Français. Paris, 1900.

Reclus (E.), Nouvelle Géographie Universelle.
Reinach (L. de), Le Laos. 2 vols. Paris, 1901.

Vol. VIII. Paris, 1883.

Verschuur (G.), Aux Colonies d'Asie et dans l'Ocean Indien. Paris, 1900.

AFRICA.

ALGERIA.

(L'ALGÉRIE.)

Government.

The government and administration of Algeria are centralised at Algiers under the authority of the Governor-General who represents the Government of the Republic throughout Algerian territory. With the exception of the non-Mussulman services of Justice, Public Instruction, Worship, and the Treasury, which are under competent ministers, all the services are under his direction. Since the enactment of the law of December 19, 1900, he has to prepare a special budget for Algeria; he grants concessions for works, and he contracts loans in the name of the Colony.

The budget of Algeria which, since 1901, has been entirely distinct from that of France, comprises under revenue the imposts of every sort which are collected within the Colony and under expenditure the whole of the civil disbursements. The expenditure on War and Marine is still at the cost of the mother country, as is also the burden of guarantees of interest on railways up to 1926. The budget, prepared by the Governor under the control of the Minister of the Interior, is discussed and voted by the Financial Delegations and the Superior Council. These Delegations were instituted in 1878 to enable the body of tax-payers to state their views on questions of imposts by means of elected delegates. There are three Delegations representing respectively the French colonists, the French tax-payers other than colonists, and the Mussulman natives. The Superior Council is composed of elected members and of high officials. Lastly, the Governor is assisted in the exercise of his functions by a purely consultative council of government.

The French Chambers have alone the right of legislating for Algeria, while such matters as do not come within the legislative power are regulated by decree of the President of the Republic. Each department sends one senator and two deputies to the National Assembly.

Under a law of December 24, 1902, the Algerian Territories of the South' are being constituted under a separate administration. The GovernorGeneral will represent the Territories in civil affairs; the budget will be distinct from that of Algeria; an annual subvention will be provided in the French budget; but administrative and financial details are not yet published. Governor-General.-M. Jonnart, appointed in 1903.

Area and Population.

The colony is divided officially into three departments, consisting as a whole of the Territoire civil,' and a 'Territoire de commandement.' There are 17 arrondissements and 352 communes. Within the civil territory there are communes with full rights (like communes in France) and also mixed communes; within the military territories, mixed and native com. munes. Both mixed and native communes are vast circumscriptions with a dominant native population, administered, in civil territory, by a civil administrator, and in military territory, by a superior commandant. The following table gives the area of each of the three departments of Algeria, according to the census of March 24, 1901 :

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The total population in 1891 was 4, 124,732, in 1896, 4,429,421. In 1901, the native population numbered 4,072,080; French, 292, 464; naturalised foreigners, 71,793; naturalised Jews and their offspring, 57,132; Tunisians, 2,394; Moroccans, 23,872; Spaniards, 155,265; Italians, 38,791; other foreigners, 25,531. Of the census population present in 1901, 2,323,968 were males, and 2,070,051 were females.

The following statistics of movement of population are given for 1902, but, as regards the Mussulman population of the territoire de commandement,' the numbers are only approximate :

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The still births (included in the births and deaths) numbered 1,726, of which 569 were European, 81 Jewish, and 1,076 Mussulman.

The area of the Algerian Sahara effectively occupied is estimated at about 193,000 sq. miles, including the zones in the south-west occupied in 1900, with a population of about 62,000.

The population of the city of Algiers in 1901 was 96,542 (with suburbs, 138,708); Oran, 87 801; Constantine, 41,138; Bône, 32,288; Tlemçen, 22,273; Mostaganem, 17,485; Mascara, 18, 405; Philippeville, 14.843; Sibi-bel-Abbès, 24,265; Blida, 16, 198.

Religion and Instruction.

The native population is entirely Mussulman, the Jews being now regarded as French citizens. The Roman Catholic Church has an archbishop and 2 bishops, with 386 officiating clergymen. There are 21 Protestant pastors and 7 Jewish rabbis sharing in Government grants. The grants for religious purposes provided for in the budget of 1903 were: to Catholics 829,700 francs, Protestants 97,600 francs, Jews 28,970 francs, Mussulmans 421,175 francs; total 1,377,445 francs.

At Algiers (city) there is an institution for higher instruction attended in 1902 by 890 students (352 for Law, 139 Medicine and Pharmacy, 64 Science, 335 Letters). There are higher Mussulman schools (medersas) at Algiers,

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