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sequence of his intrigues and other mischief, was seized, and after a short imprisonment at Porto Novo, exiled to the Congo. The boundaries on the coast were determined by the Anglo-French agreement of 1864, and the Franco-German agreement of 1885. The boundaries inland were fixed by the Anglo-French conventions of 1889 and 1898, and the Franco-German convention of 1897. The colony, which has only about 70 miles of coast, but opens out northwards into a wide hinterland, has an area of 60,000 square miles, and an estimated population of 1,000,000. The seat of government is Porto Novo (the chief business centre), which has about 50,000 inhabitants. Other centres of population are Grand Popo, Kotonu (the chief seaport and future capital), Whydah, Abomey (15,000), 70 miles inland, the capital of the kingdom of Dahomey, Allada (10,000), and Agoue (20,000), Nikki, Say (on the Niger). Village, regional, and urban schools are to be instituted under the new West African educational system. The natives are of pure Negro stock, and belong to the Fon branch of the Ewe family. They are industrious agriculturists in the coast region, and grow maize, manioc, yams, and potatoes. The forests contain baobab trees and coco-nut and oil palms. At Porto Novo there is an experimental farm. The imports into Dahomey in 1903 amounted to 11,264,258 francs, and the exports from the colony amounted to 9,540,066 francs. Of the imports the value of 2,085,075 francs came from, and of the exports the value of 3,046,425 francs went to, France. The largest share in the Dahomey trade falls (nominally) to Germany, for imports and exports, then come, in order of value, France, Lagos, England; but large quantities of English goods, imported in German vessels, are attributed to Germany. The chief imports were cottons, 3,271,507 francs; machinery, &c., 586,489 francs; liquors, 1,509,726 francs; tobacco, 740,712 francs; the chief exports were palm kernels, 5,421,224 francs; and palm oil, 2,924,731 francs. In 1902, 511 vessels of 542,529 tons entered, and 508 of 539,299 tons cleared at the ports of Dahomey. The steamers of the Chargeurs Réunis and Fraissinet Companies, of the Woermann line, of the Elder, Dempster and Company lines visit the ports of Dahomey. The local budget for 1904 balanced at 5,306,218 francs. There are few roads in the colony. At Kotonu an iron pier has been erected, and from that port a railway into the interior is open as far as Toffo (55 miles) with a branch line to Whydah (10 miles). The line is intended to run to Chaoru (400 miles). The gauge is a metre. A tramway is being made on the Lagos frontier. A telegraph line connects Kotonu with Abomey, the Niger, and the Senegal. In the colony there are 950 miles of telegraph line, and 100 miles of telephone line. French, English, and American coins are in circulation, as well as cowrie shells. On coins other than French there is an import duty of 25 per cent.

The Territories of Senegambia and the Niger, formed by the Decree of the 1st October, 1902, comprise the Protectorates formerly attached to the Colony of Senegal, the remains of the former Colony of the Sudan, and the three Military Territories.

This vast territory is reserved for the direct administration of the Governor-General, and is divided into two sections.

One section, comprising the former Senegal Protectorates as far to the east as the River Falémé, which joins the Senegal between Bakel and Kayes, is administered on behalf of the Governor-General by the Secretary-General of the Government-General.

The other, and by far the larger section, is governed by a Permanent Delegate of the Governor-General, with his seat of government now at Kayes on the Senegal, but to be transferred to Bamako on the Niger, as soon as the necessary buildings have been constructed

This section, the real Senegambia Niger, is bounded on the north by the Algerian sphere; on the west by the Falémé river and the frontier of French Guinea; on the south by the frontiers of the Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Togoland, and Dahomey to the Niger near Niamey, where the boundary turns south along the left bank as far as the frontier of N. Nigeria, which it follows to Lake Chad; on the east by the eastern limits of the Third Military Territory from Lake Chad. Thus Senegambia-Niger includes the valley of the Upper Senegal, about two-thirds of the course of the Niger, the whole of the countries inclosed in the great Bend, and the Sahara to the Algerian sphere of influence.

With the exception of the three Military Territories, it is all under civil administration, with a regular judicial and educational system, which is also being gradually introduced into the Military Territories.

Senegambia-Niger has a separate budget, which in 1903 balanced at 10,650,830 francs, and in 1905 the expenditure of France on this region amounted to 688,000 francs, granted in aid of the Senegal-Niger Railway, in addition to the military expenditure, which is included in that of French West Africa, a large proportion of which is for the military occupation of these territories.

There is a very complete system of telegraphs throughout the territories, and all important centres are connected by road.

The Senegal-Niger Railway was completed to Bamako on the Niger in May, 1904, and was expected to be completed to its terminus at Koulikoro before the end of the year. From Kayes to Bamako is 310 miles, and to Koulikoro 349 miles.

The Military Territories are three in number, each garrisoned by one battalion of Tirailleurs Sénégalais, and administered by a Lieutenant-colonel who exercises supreme military and administrative command in his territory. He is responsible militarily to the General Commanding the Troops in West Africa, and administratively to the Permanent Delegate.

First Military Territory:-Formed in 1899; headquarters at Timbuktu ; population 7,000 fixed and 5,000 floating. It includes the territory of Rasel-Ma west of Timbuktu about Lake Faguibine; the circles of Timbuktu, Bamba, Gao, and Dounzou, all on the Niger, the three latter east of Timbuktu; the Residency of Dori, in the east corner of the Bend, north of Dahomey.

Second Military Territory :-Formed in 1899; headquarters at BoboDioulasso. It comprises the Residence of the Mossi, the circles of BoboDioulasso, the Lobi, Koury, and Koutiala, all inside the Bend.

Third Military Territory :-Formed in 1900; headquarters at Niamey on the river Niger (formerly at Zinder). It comprises the whole of the country between the Niger, the frontier of N. Nigeria and Lake Chad. It is divided into the circles of Djerma (along the Niger) and, going towards Lake Chad, Tawa, Zinder-Chad, and Gouré. French military expeditions entered the Sudan in 1860, 1878, and 1879; the conquest of the region began in 1880 and continued till in 1894 Timbuktu was occupied; and French possession was acknowledged and defined by the convention with Great Britain, signed June 14, 1898. The products are chiefly gum and rubber from the bend of the Niger. The natives cultivate millet, rice, and earth-nuts. The imports at Timbuktu annually amount to about 1,210,000 francs through the Sahara, and to 626,000 francs through Senegal. The chief imports are salt from the Sahara, and Guinea cloth, linen, silk, and tinned goods through Senegal. The exports are rubber and ostrich feathers. A telegraph line is shortly to connect Timbuktu with Algeria and with Senegal.

References concerning French West Africa, East Africa,
Reunion, &c.

Aspe-Fleurimont, La Guinée Français. Paris, 1900.

Aublet (E.), La Guerre au Dahomey, 1888-93. 8. Paris, 1894.

Binger (G.), Du Niger au Golfe de Guinée. 2 vols. S. Paris, 1892.

Boutheiller (J.), De Saint Louis à Sierra Leone.

Paris, 1891.

Burton (Sir R. F.), Mission to Gelele, King of Dahome. 2 vols. London, 1864.

Carel (E. R. de), Les Territoires Africains et les Couventions Anglaises. Paris, 1901. Castellani (C.), Vers le Nil Français avec la Mission Marchand. Paris, 1898.

Cat (Edouard), A travers le Désert. S. Paris, 1892.

Chandouin, Trois mois de captivité au Dahomey. 16. Paris.

Chatelier (A. Le), L'Islam dans l'Afrique Occidentale, Paris, 1899.

Deville (Prof.), Partage d'Afrique. Brussels, 1898.

Descamps (E.), New Africa [Eng, Trans.]. London, 1903.

Domergue (A.), Notes de Voyage, Gabon. Paris, 1893.

Dubois (F.), Timbuctoo the Mysterious. S. London, 1896.

Du Buisson, Ile de la Réunion. St. Denis (Réunion), 1889.

Duncan (J.), Travels in Western Africa. 2 vols. 12. London, 1847.
Dybowski (J.), La Route du Tchad. S. Paris, 1893.

Espagna (P. d'), Jours de Guinée. Paris, 1898.

Estampes (L. d'), La France au Pays noir. Paris, 1893.

Faidherbe (Gen.), Senegal et Soudan. Paris, 1853.

Ferrand (G.), Les Comalis [The Somalis]. Paris, 1903.

Foù (E.), De l'Ocean Indien à l'Ocean Atlantique. Paris, 1900.

Follie (L. G.), Voyage dans les Déserts du Sahara. 8. Tours, 1892

Foureau (F.), Au Sahara: mes deux missions de 1892 et 1893. Paris, 1897.-Documents scientifiques de la Mission Salarienne, &c. 1. Fascicule. Paris, 1903.

Frey (Col.), Senegal et Soudan. Paris, 1888.

Gaffarel (Paul), Senegal et Soudan Français. Paris, 1890.

Gallieni (Col.), Deux Campagnes au Soudan français. S. Paris, 1891.

Paris, 1898.

London, 1898.

Gatelet (Lieut.), Histoire de la Conquète du Sudan Français, 1878-99. Paris, 1901.
Hendebert (L) An Pays des Somalis et des Comoriens. Paris, 1901.
Hourst (Lieut.), La Mission Hourst sur le Niger et au Pays des Touaregs.
French Enterprise in Africa. [Eng. Trans. of Lieut. Hourst's Narrative.]
Johnston (Sir Harry), The Colonisation of Africa. Cambridge, 1899.
Keltie (J. Scott), The Partition of Africa. 2nd ed. London, 1895.
King (W. J. H.), A Search for the Masked Tawareks. London, 1903.
Kingsley (Mary H.), Travels in West Africa. London, 1897.
Lagrilllere-Beauclerc (E.), Mission au Senegal et au Sudan. Paris.

Lasnet (Dr.) and others, Une Mission au Senegal, Ethnographique, Botanique, &c. Paris, 1900.

Lenfant (Capt.). Le Niger. Paris, 1903.-La Grande Route du Chad. Paris, 1904
Laumann (E. M.), A la Côte occidentale d'Afrique. S. Paris, 1894.

Lebon (A.), Rapport de la Mission au Sénégal et au Soudan. Paris, 1898.

Leroy-Beaulieu (P.), Le Sahara, le Soudan, et les Chemins de Fer Transsahariens. Paris, 1904.

Madrolle (C.), En Guinée. Le Continent noir. Paris, 1895.

Mattei (Com.), Bas-Niger. Paris, 1896.

Mevil (A.), Au Pays du Soleil et de l'Or. [Senegambia.] Paris, 1896.

Mounier (M.), France noire: Côte d'Ivoire et Soudan. Paris, 1894. La Mission du Capitaine Binger. Paris, 1892.

Oliver (W. D.), Crags and Craters: Rambles in the Island of Réunion. S. London, 1896. Ollone (Capt. d'), De la Côte d'Ivoire au Soudan et la Guinée. Paris, 1901.

Ortroz (F. Van), Conventions Internationales Concernant l'Afrique. Brussels, 1898. Piolet (Père) et Noufflard (Ch.), Madagascar, La Réunion, Mayotte, les Comores Djiboutil. Paris, 1900.

Poirier (J.), Campagne du Dahomey, 1892-94. 8. Paris, 1895.

Reclus (E.), Nouvelle Géographie Universelle. Vols. XI. XII, XIII. S. Paris, 1886-88 Tellier (G.), Autour de Kita (Senegal). Paris.

Toutée (Commandant), Dahomé, Niger, Touareg. Paris, 1837. Du Dahomé an Sahara. Paris, 1899.

Verdier (A.), Trente-cinq années de lutte aux colonies, Côte occidentale d'Afrique Paris, 1897.

Victor (N.), L'Expédition du Dahomey en 1890. 2nd ed. S. Paris, 1893.
Vigné d'Octon (P.), Terre de Mort: Soudan et Dahomey. S. Paris, 1892.

Villanour (R.) and Richaud (L). Notre Colonie de la Côte d'Ivoire. Paris, 1901.
White (A. Silva), The Development of Africa. London, 1890.

TUNIS.

(AFRIKIJA.)

Bey.

Government.

Sidi Mohamed el Hadi Bey, born 1855; succeeded his father, Sidi Ali, June 11, 1902. The heir presumptive is Sidi Mohamed en Nasr Bey, born 1855, son of Mohamed Pasha Bey, brother of the late sovereign.

The reigning family of Tunis, occupants of the throne since 1691, descend from Ben Ali Turki, a native of the Isle of Crete, who made himself master of the country, acknowledging, however, the suzerainty of the Sultan of Turkey, in existence since 1575. Sidi Ahsin obtained an imperial firman, dated October 25, 1871, which liberated him from the payment of tribute, but clearly established his position as a vassal of the Sublime Porte.

After the French invasion of the country in the spring of 1881, the treaty of Kasr-es-Said (May 12, 1881), confirmed by decrees of April 22, 1882, placed Tunis under the protectorate of France. The government is carried on under the direction of the French Foreign Office, which has a special department for Tunisian affairs, under the control of a French Minister Resident-General, who is also Minister of Foreign Affairs, and a ministry of 9 heads of departments, 7 of the ministers being French and 2 Arab. The country is divided into 13 districts (contrôles civils), 2 military circles, and 1 military post; the district governors (contrôleurs) are French; the subordinate officials (Kaïds and Sheiks) are Arab. French tribunals administer justice between subjects of European powers, and also between them and natives; there are Arab courts for cases between natives. French administration in Tunis has been confirmed by conventions with all the European Powers, regulating the status and the conditions of trade of their respective citizens within the Regency.

French Resident-General.-S. Pichon.

The army of occupation numbers 19,460 men, including 691 officers (See under France.) The cost of maintaining this force is borne by the budget of the Republic. The Tunisian army (which is little more than the Bey's guard) numbers about 600 officers and men. There is a French gendarmerie of about 150; also a rural Tunisian police, and in the larger towns a civil police.

Area and Population.

The present boundaries are: on the north and east the Mediterranean Sea, on the west the Franco-Algerian province of Constantine, and on the south the great desert of the Sahara and the Turkish Pashalik of Tripoli; and, reckoning its average breadth from west to east to be 100 miles, it covers an area of about 51,000 English square miles, including that portion of the Sahara which is to the east of the Beled Djerid, extending towards Gadamés. Population estimated at 1,900,000. The majority of the population consists of Bedouin Arabs and Kabyles with about 60,000 Jews. The French population at the end of 1901 numbered 38,889, of whom 14,688 were soldiers or sailors. The foreign population on January 1, 1901, was officially returned at 82,667, of whom 67,420 were Italian, 12,056 Anglo-Maltese, and 3,191 of various nationalities.

The capital, the city of Tunis, including suburbs, has a population of 170,000, comprising Moors, Arabs, Negroes, and Jews, with 40,000 Europeans (12,490 French). By means of the canal, which was opened in 1893, Tunis is directly accessible to ocean-going vessels.

The bulk of the population is Mohammedan under the Sheik-al-Islam, and the revenue from the "Habus "lands, like that from the "Wakf" lands in Egypt, is applied to religious, educational, and charitable purposes. There are about 35,000 Roman Catholics, under the ministration of the Archbishop of Carthage, the Bishops of Bizerta and Sfax, and about 25 other clergymen. The Greek Church (400), the French Protestants, and the English Church are also represented, and there are 23 English Protestant missionaries at work.

In

Within the Regency in 1903 there were about 140 French primary schools, with about 19,000 pupils, 26 of these with 4,120 pupils being private schools. Of the school children, about one-third are girls. the Great Mosque at Tunis there is a Mohammedan university. In the city are 96 and in the interior 1,328 Mussulman primary schools, some of them assisted by Government funds. The Alawi college contains a normal school with 125 pupils, and a primary school with 440 pupils. The Carnot Lycée for secondary instruction had, in 1903, 660 pupils, mostly French or Jewish. Many private schools have recently sprung up at Tunis and Sfax. abolition of congregational teaching decreed in France, has been extended to the Regency as regards French children. The Italian Government and certain Italian societies still maintain Italian schools at Tunis and other large towns.

The

A department dealing with the arts and antiquities of Tunisia has been formed under French and Tunisian officials, and a national museum has been established near Tunis.

Finance.

The ordinary revenue for 1905 was estimated at 30,124,755 francs, and the expenditure to 30,022, 632 francs; the estimated revenue and expenditure, including receipts from loans to be expended on railways, were for 1903 as follows:

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In 1884 the Tunisian debt was consolidated into a total of 5,702,000l. The loan was emitted as a perpetual 3 per cent. rente of 6,307,520 francs, or 252, 3007., divided into 315,376 obligations of a nominal capital of 500 francs. The debt is now, after three successive conventions, redeemable. In 1901, loans for railway construction were projected as shown in the estimates given above.

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