Industry. The chief industry is agriculture. The production of wheat in 1903 was 7,522,572 bushels, in 1904, 10,518,934; of barley in 1903, 11,322,423 bushels, in 1904, 14,814,624; of oats in 1903, 1,630,826 bushels, in 1904, 4,635,496. The wheat crop is shipped largely to Marseilles, where it is ground to be shipped back to the Regency. In the middle region of Tunisia there are about 200,000 hectares devoted to olive growing; the yield in 1901 amounted to 265,166 hectolitres of oil; in 1902, 161,744; in 1903, 367,500. In the south of Tunis there are about 1,350,000 date palms; the annual export of dates is valued at 800,000 francs. The vineyard area was in 1902, 12,700 hectares. Other products are almonds, oranges, lemons, shaddocks, pistachios, alfa grass, henna, and cork. The cork forests in the north-west have an area of 202,600 acres; the production in 1900 amounted to 9,930 quintals; in 1901, to 11,882 quintals; in 1902, 12,594. Considerable areas of agricultural land have been acquired either on lease or by purchase by immigrants, about 60,000 acres by Frenchmen and about 15,000 acres by Italians, but the number of immigrants is not great. In 1903 there were 16 mines worked, the output being 11,992 tons of galena (value 826,000 francs), 760 tons of carbonate of lead (44,000 francs); 21,262 tons of calcined calamine or zinc ore (1,926,000 fiancs); 3,056 tons of mixed ores (112,000 francs). Salt from lakes was obtained to the amount of 18,800 tons; phosphate from quarries, 352,000 tons (6,529,000 francs). About 1,800 persons are employed at the mines. The quarries yield stone, chalk, gypsum, clay for pottery, marble and other materials. Rich deposits of phosphates in the south are actively exploited; the output at Gafsa is brought to the coast by a new railway 200 miles in length. On December 31, 1902, the farm animals were:- horses, 20, 240; asses and mules, 108,094; cattle, 200, 200; sheep, 719,610; goats, 509,428; camels, 146,899; swine, 7,825. Native industries are the spinning and weaving of wool for garments, carpet weaving, leather embroidery, saddle making, the manufacture of slippers, pottery (in ancient style), and matting; tanning and silk weaving are declining. The fisheries are mostly in the hands of Itálians. They produced in 1903 : sardines, 176,000 kilogrammes, value 49,200 francs; allaches, 711,400 kilogrammes, value 127,180 francs; tunny-fish, 1,391,500 kilogrammes, value 510,500 francs; other fish, 3,552,700 kilogrammes, value 1,800,560 francs; sponges, 104,150 kilogrammes, value 1,634,000 francs; polyps, 430,600 kilogrammes, value 387,000 francs. Commerce. The imports and exports in recent years have been to the following amounts (including precious metals) : 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 Francs Imports. 55,778,241 61,514,242 64,682,550 72,972,189 83,612,877 Exports 49,433,460 42,560,191 39,127,525 50,680,135 71,398,643 In 1903 the principal imports and exports were :— The distribution of the trade in 1902 and 1903 was mainly as follows: The commercial intercourse between Tunis and the United Kingdom in each of the last five years, according to the Board of Trade Returns, was as follows: The principal imports into Great Britain in 1903 were: esparto grass and other materials for making paper, of the value of 105, 2907.; zinc ore, 21,973l. ; barley, 33,2127.; phosphate of lime, 85,1277. The principal British exports to Tunis consisted of cotton manufactures, of the value of 263,6157., coal, 49,3817.; machinery, 16, 6027. In the year 1903 there entered the 16 ports of the Regency 11,542 vessels of 3,075,922 tons; of these vessels 1,900 of 1,428,169 tons were French. Length of railways, 430 miles, all of which is in French hands, There are 2,050 miles of telegraphs and 5,700 miles of wire; 125 telegraph offices; messages (1902), 433,740. In 1902 9 urban telephone systems had 228 miles of line and 320 miles of wire; 17 inter-urban systems had 580 miles of wire. The number of conversations during the year was 556,000. There were in 1902, 347 post offices; postal packets sent, internal service, 14,126,904; external, 15,882,048. Money, Weights, and Measures. In 1904 it was decided to establish in the Regency a branch of the Bank of Algeria which will issue Tunisian bank notes. The legal coinage since 1892 consists of pieces similar to the French, the pieces being coined in France. The ounce = 31 487 grammes; the multiples of the ounce are the various denominations of the Rottolo, which contains from 16 to 42 ounces. = = 16 bushels. The Kaffis (of 16 whibas, each of 12 sahs) The principal measure of length is the pik: the pik Arbi for linen = '5392 yd. ; the pik Turki for silk 7058 yd.; the pik Andoulsi for cloth 7094 yd. French weights and measures have almost entirely taken the place of those of Tunis, but corn is still sold in kaffis and whibas. = Consul-General at Tunis.-Ernest T. L. Berkeley, C.B.; appointed July 1, 1899. Vice-Consul -H. B. Johnstone. Vice-Consuls at Bizerta, Sfax, Susa, and Kairwan. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Tunis. Correspondence respecting the Establishment of French Tribunals, and the Abrogation of Foreign Consular Jurisdiction in Tunis. London, 1884. Journal Officiel Tunisien. Foreign Office Reports. Miscellaneous Series and Annual Series. London. Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions. Imp. 4. London. Procès Verhaux de la Conference Consultative. Paris. Twice-a-year. Rapport au Président de la République sur la situation de la Tunisie. Paris. Annual. Ashbee (H. S.), Bibliography of Tunisia. 8. London, 1889. Bazaban (L.), A travers la Tunisie. S. Paris, 1887. Baedeker's Handbook for Southern Italy. [Contains chapters on Tunis.] 12th ed. London, 1899. Besnier (Prof.) and others, La Tunisie au Début du XXe Siècle. Paris, 1904. Broadley (A. M.), Tunis, Past and Present. London, 1882. Charmes (Gabriel), La Tunisie et la Tripolitaine. Paris, 1883. Daubiel (J.), Notes et Impressions sur la Tunisie. Paris 1897. Faucon (N.), La Tunisie avant et depuis l'occupation française. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1893. Graham (A.) and Ashbee (H. S.), Travels in Tunisia. S. London, 1887. Hesse-Wartegg (Chevalier de), Tunis, the Land and the People. 2d. ed. London, 1899. Le Nouveau Port de Bizerte (Tunisie). Paris, 1899. Paris, 1887. Macmillan's Guides: The Western Mediterranean, London, 1901. Ortroz (F. Van), Conventions Internationales Concernant l'Afrique. Brussels, 1898. Playfair (Lieut.-Colonel Sir R. Lambert), Handbook (Murray's) for Algeria and Tunis. London, 1895. Playfair (Lieut.-Colonel Sir R. L.), Travels in the Footsteps of Bruce in Algeria and Tunis. London, 1877. Poiré, La Tunisie. Paris. Reclus (Elisée), Géographie universelle. Vol. XI. L'Afrique septentrionale. Paris, 1885. Salvator (Archiduc L.), Bizerte. Paris, 1901. Schoenfield (E. D.), Aus der Staaten der Barbaresken [Tripoli and Tunis]. Berlin, 1902. Saurin, Manuel de l'émigrant en Tunisie. Paris. Tchihatcheff (M.), Algérie et Tunis. Paris, 1880. Tissot (Charles), Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie. 2 vols. Paris, 1884-87. AMERICA. GUADELOUPE AND DEPENDENCIES. Guadeloupe, situated in the Lesser Antilles, consists of two islands separated by a narrow channel, that on the west being called Guadeloupe proper or Basse-Terre, and that to the east, Grande-Terre, with a united area of 150,940 hectares (583 sq. m.); it has five dependencies consisting of the smaller islands, Marie Galante, Les Saintes, Désirade, St. Barthélemy, and St. Martin, the total area being 688 square miles. Population (1903) 181,943, including immigrants and soldiers. It is under a governor and an elected council, and is represented by a senator and two deputies The military force consists of 279 French soldiers. Instruction is given in 1 lycée with 270 pupils, a secondary course for girls at Pointe-à-Pitre, with 40 pupils, and 103 elementary schools with 248 teachers and 11,763 pupils. There are also 19 private elementary schools with 1,166 pupils. The colony is divided into arrondissements, cantons, and communes. The seat of government is Basse Terre (7,464). Pointe-à-Pitre (18,412) has a fine harbour. Revenue and expenditure balanced at 5,628,601 francs in the local budget of 1904 ; expenditure of France (budget of 1905), 1,137,816 francs. The colony has a debt of 9,328,820 francs. The military force (1905) consists of 279 European officers and men. Chief cultures: sugar grown on 1,293 estates of a total area of 28,104 hectares, employing 28,227 persons; coffee on 6,114 hectares, employing 8,303 persons; cacao, 2,752 hectares. For local consumption there are grown bananas, sweet potatoes, manioc, tobacco, indian corn, and vegetables. The forests, covering 71,256 hectares of mountainous district, are interspersed with valuable timber, which is little worked. In 1903, the total imports amounted to the value of 17,359,061 francs, and the exports to 18,168,489 francs. Sugar (70,083,006 kilos.), coffee, cocoa and rum are exported. Guadeloupe is in direct communication with France and England by means of two steam navigation companies. Within the islands traffic is carried on by means of roads and navigable rivers. The Bank of Guadeloupe, with a capital of 3,000,000 francs, advances loans chiefly for agricultural purposes. Silver coin has disappeared from circulation ; treasury notes for 2 francs, 1 franc, and 50 centimes are authorised up to a total emission of 1,000,000 francs. There is a British Vice-Consul at Guadeloupe. GUIANA. The colony of French Guiana is administered by a Governor, assisted by a Privy Council of 7 members. The colony has a Council-General of 16 members and is represented in the French Parliament by one deputy. The boundary dispute with the Brazilian Government was settled by the award of the Swiss Court of Arbitration, December 1, 1900, the boundaries decided on being the river Oyapoc from its mouth to its source, and thence the line of watershed of the Tumuc Humac mountains to the frontier of Dutch Guiana. The area contains about 30,500 square miles, and the total population, according to a census taken in 1901, numbers 32,908, including 4,097 hard labour convicts, 2,193 relegués, and 1,885 Indians. Cayenne, the chief town and only seaport, has a population of 12,612, and the other 13 communes have 7,842. At Cayenne there are a court of first instance, a superior court, and 2 justices of the peace, one of whom has jurisdiction in other localities. The military force consists of 172 European officers and men. In the colony there are 24 primary schools, with about 2,500 pupils, and there is a college at Cayenne, which has also a local museum and a library. There is little agriculture in the colony; only about 8,800 acres are under cultivation. The crops consist of rice, maize, manioc, cocoa, coffee, sugar-cane, indigo, tobacco. The most important industry is gold-mining (placer); the quantity of gold declared for entry at Cayenne was in 1901, 129,290 oz.; in 1902, 149,360 oz.; in 1903, 136, 170 oz. Silver, iron, and phosphates are also worked. In 1903 the imports amounted to the value of 12,536,133 francs; the exports, to 12,330,391 francs, consisting of cocoa, phosphates, various woods, gold, rosewood essence, and hides. The gold exports amounted to 4,324,835 grammes. In 1903, 250 vessels of 56,268 tons entered at Cayenne. This port is visited once a month by a mail steamer from Martinique. There are roads connecting the capital with various centres of population in the interior. A concession has been granted for the construction of a railway from Cayenne to the Arataïe Creek (60 miles), and ultimately to the frontiers of Brazil and Dutch Guiana (250 miles in all). Since 1855 Guiana has had a penal settlement for habitual criminals and convicts sentenced to hard labour. In 1903 the penal population consisted of 6,219 men and 236 women. 320 men and 3 women were set at liberty. In the local budget for 1904 the revenue and expenditure balanced at 2,963,108 francs. The expenditure of France (budget of 1905) was 6,374,333 francs, of which 5,806,400 francs was for the penal establishment. The Bank of Guiana, with a capital of 600,000 francs, with statutory and reserve funds amounting to 480,000 francs, advances loans for agricultural and other purposes. British Consul at Cayenne.-J. R. W. Pigott. MARTINIQUE. The The colony is under a Governor, a General Council, and elective municipal councils. It is represented by a senator and two deputies. Area 381 square miles, divided into 32 communes; population in 1901, 203,781. In 1899 the colony contained 4,665 Indian, 5,371 African, and 432 Chinese immigrants. The military force consists of 1,180 French scldiers. There is a law school (at Fort-de-France) with 86 students; 3 secondary schools, with 745 pupils; a normal school; 148 primary schools, with 8,661 pupils (including 39 private schools). Chief commercial towns, St. Pierre (26,011 inhabitants) and Fort-de-France (22,164). In May, 1902, a great part of the island was overwhelmed by volcanic eruptions. About 10,000 refugees have received, in addition to assistance in money, free grants of land from the local government, and have had cottages built from relief funds. military force (1905) consists of 798 European officers and men. Sugar, coffee, cacao, tobacco, cotton, are the chief culture, besides 15,067 hectares under the food-producing crops. Tobacco culture is under special regulations. There are 20 sugar works and 118 rum distilleries, but the number is likely to decrease. In 1903 the imports amounted to 20,389,540 francs, and the exports to 15,104,175 francs. Of the imports the value of 10,912,726 francs came from France; of the exports, the value of 13,599,149 francs went to France. In 1903, 29,035 tons of sugar, 1,947,299 gallons of rum, and 6,339 cwt. of cocoa were exported. The island is visited regularly by the steamers of French, British, and American companies. For local traffic there are subsidised mail coaches; and subsidised steamers ply on the coast. The colony is in telegraphic communication with the rest of the world by the cables of two telegraph companies. The local budget for 1902 balanced at 7,602,545 francs; expenditure of France (budget of 1905), 2,593,119 francs; debt (annuity), 95,000 francs, |