is little agriculture in the colony; only about 8,800 acres are under cultivation. The crops consist of rice, maize, manioc, cocoa, coffee, sugar-cane, indigo, tobacco. The most important industry is gold-mining (placer); the quantity of gold declared for entry at Cayenne was in 1901, 129,290 oz.; in 1902, 149,360 oz.; in 1903, 136,170 oz. Silver, iron, and phosphates are also worked. In 1903 the imports amounted to the value of 12,536,133 francs; the exports, to 12,330,391 francs, consisting of cocoa, phosphates, various woods, gold, rosewood essence, and hides. The gold exports amounted to 4,324,835 grammes. In 1903, 250 vessels of 56,268 tons entered at Cayenne. This port is visited once a month by a mail steamer from Martinique. There are roads connecting the capital with various centres of population in the interior. A concession has been granted for the construction of a railway from Cayenne to the Arataïe Creek (60 miles), and ultimately to the frontiers of Brazil and Dutch Guiana (250 miles in all). Since 1855 Guiana has had a penal settlement for habitual criminals and convicts sentenced to hard labour. In 1903 the penal population consisted of 6,219 men and 236 women. 320 men and 3 women were set at liberty. In the local budget for 1904 the revenue and expenditure balanced at 2,963,108 francs. The expenditure of France (budget of 1905) was 6,374,333 francs, of which 5,806,400 francs was for the penal establishment.

The Bank of Guiana, with a capital of 600,000 francs, with statutory and reserve funds amounting to 480,000 francs, advances loans for agricultural and other purposes.

British Consul at Cayenne.-J. R. W. Pigott.

MARTINIQUE.

The colony is under a Governor, a General Council, and elective municipal councils. It is represented by a senator and two deputies. Area 381 square miles, divided into 32 communes; population in 1901, 203,781. In 1899 the colony contained 4,665 Indian, 5,371 African, and 432 Chinese immigrants. The military force consists of 1,180 French scldiers. There is a law school (at Fort-de-France) with 86 students; 3 secondary schools, with 745 pupils; a normal school; 148 primary schools, with 8,661 pupils (including 39 private schools). Chief commercial towns, St. Pierre (26,011 inhabitants) and Fort-de-France (22,164). In May, 1902, a great part of the island was overwhelmed by volcanic eruptions. About 10,000 refugees have received, in addition to assistance in money, free grants of land from the local government, and have had cottages built from relief funds. The military force (1905) consists of 798 European officers and men. Sugar, coffee, cacao, tobacco, cotton, are the chief culture, besides 15,067 hectares under the food-producing crops. Tobacco culture is under special regulations. There are 20 sugar works and 118 rum distilleries, but the number is likely to decrease. In 1903 the imports amounted to 20,389,540 francs, and the exports to 15,104,175 francs. Of the imports the value of 10,912,726 francs came from France; of the exports, the value of 13,599,149 francs went to France. In 1903, 29,035 tons of sugar, 1,947,299 gallons of rum, and 6,339 cwt. of cocoa were exported. The island is visited regularly by the steamers of French, British, and American companies. For local traffic there are subsidised mail coaches; and subsidised steamers ply on the coast. The colony is in telegraphic communication with the rest of the world by the cables of two telegraph companies. The local budget for 1902 balanced at 7,602,545 francs; expenditure of France (budget of 1905), 2,593,119 francs; debt (annuity), 95,000 francs,

and a loan of 1,460,000 francs repayable in 20 years from 1899. The Bank of Martinique at Fort-de-France with a capital of 3,000,000 francs and a reserve fund of 255,760 francs in 1903, advances loans for agricultural and other purposes.

British Consul at Martinique.-H. J. Meagher.

ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON.

The largest islands of two small groups close to the south coast of Newfoundland. Area of St. Pierre group, 10 sq. miles; population in 1897, 5,833; area of Miquelon group, 83 sq. miles; population, 519; total area, 93 sq. miles; population, 6,352 (983 English). According to the census of November, 1902, the total population was 6,482. There is a Governor with a privy council, an administrative council, and municipal councils. Chief town, St. Pierre. There is a higher class school for girls with 143 pupils, and an 'ouvroir,' or workroom for training girls, with 38 pupils. Primary instruction is free. There are 4 public schools for boys, and 3 for girls with (in all) 24 teachers and 940 pupils. There are, besides, infant schools, 'salles d'asile,' frequented by 345 children, and 1 private school for girls with 150 pupils.

The islands, being mostly barren rock, are unsuited for agriculture. The chief industry is cod-fishing In 1903 there were 183 local smacks engaged, their total tonnage being 7,900 tons, and their crews numbering 3,177. The imports in 1903 amounted to the value of 8,711,117 francs, 4,429,853 francs representing French, and 4,281,264 francs other merchandise. The exports amounted to 9,552,744 francs, of which 8,542,425 francs represented the products of the colony (cod, dried and fresh, cod-liver oil, &c.). St. Pierre is in regular steam communication with Boston and Halifax; since 1880 it has been connected by telegraph cable with Europe and the American continent. Local budget for 1904, 799,246 francs. Expenditure of France (budget 1905), 288,952 francs. In 1902 a loan of 500,000 francs for public works was authorised.

Books Concerning French America.

Annuaire de la Guadeloupe et Dépendences. Basse-Terre.

Annuaire de la Martinique. Fort-de-France.

Annuaire des Iles St. Pierre et Miquelon. St. Pierre.

Brousseau (G.), Les Richesses de la Guyane Française. Paris, 1901.

Coudreau (H. A.), Dix ans de Guyane. Paris, 1892.-Chez nos Índiens: Quatre ans dans

la Guyane Française. Paris, 1893.

Dumoret (M.), Au Pays du Sucre (la Martinique). Paris, 1902.

Garaud (L.), Trois ans à la Martinique. Paris, 1892.

Guet (M. J.), Origines de la Martinique (1625-1720). Vaunes, 1892.

Heilprin (A.), Mont Pelée and the Tragedy of Martinique. New York, 1902.

Hess (J.), A l'Ile du diable. Paris, 1898.

Levasseur, La France, vol. II. Paris, 1893.

Mimande (P.), Forçats et Proscrits. [In Guiana.] Paris, 1897.

Mismer (C.), Souvenirs de la Martinique. Paris, 1890.

Mouet (H.), La Martinique. Paris, 1892.

Stoddard (C. A.), Cruising among the Caribbees. London, 1896

Viala, Les Trois Guyanes. Montpellier, 1893.

AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA.

NEW CALEDONIA AND DEPENDENCIES.

New Caledonia is administered by a Governor assisted by a Privy Council consisting of the Secretary-General, the Procureur-General (the head of the Judicial administration), the Superior Commandant of the Troops, the Director of the Penitentiary administration, the head of the Department of Domains and Colonisation, and two notables of the colony appointed by the Minister for the Colonies. The colony bas also an elective Council-General. The island and its dependencies are divided into 5 territories: Nouméa, the capital, has a municipality; other centres of population are locally adminis tered by commissions. The colony contains a penal settlement and the convicts form a large proportion of the European population. Area, 7,650 square miles. On December 31, 1901, the population consisted of 12,253 free Europeans, 10,056 undergoing punishment, and 29,106 Kanacs ; total, 51,415. In 1902 the penal population consisted of 9,480 men and 265 women; total, 9,747. Of the men 3,700, and of the women 30, were free and selfsupporting. Nouméa had 6,968 inhabitants of whom 4,010 were free. The immigrants from France are not numerous. Other immigrants are Dalmatians, Javanese, Tonkinese, Indians, and islanders from the New Hebrides; but the last-named become fewer year by year. Primary instruction is provided in public and also in private elementary schools, the latter being assisted by the municipalities. In 1902 there were 35 primary schools with 1,906 pupils (938 being girls). Provision has been made for the extension of government and private schools in rural centres and in districts where there is no agglomerated population, the diffusion of the knowledge of the French language being kept in view. There is a college at Nouméa for higher and also for professional and technical instruction. An agricultural school has been established at Yahoué. The expenditure of France on the colony in the budget of 1905 was 4,658,625 francs, of which 2,409,100 was for the penal establishment. The budget for local administration for 1904 amounted to 3,769,910 francs; the budget of a loan for railway construction, 1,065,000 francs; for colonisation, 288,300 francs. In 1905 the military force consisted of 606 Europeans. Of the total area more than half is mountainous or not cultivable; about 1,600 square miles is pasture land; about the same area is cultivated or cultivable; and about 500 square miles contain forest which is being worked. The land is divided into 3 domains: that of the state (in which gratuitous concessions may be made); that of the penal establishment (about 400 square miles); and that of the native reserve. The chief agricultural products are coffee, maize, tobacco, sugar, grapes, manioc, pine-apples; efforts are being made for the production of wheat, rubber, and silk. There are about 130,000 cattle and sheep. There are 68 mining concessions, employing altogether 3,493 workmen. the mineral export comprised nickel ore, 77,360 metric tons; cobalt ore, 8,292 tons; chrome ore, 21,437 tons; copper ore is also worked. Coal is found, and prospecting operations are in progress. In 1903 the imports amounted to 13,671,998 francs, of which the value of 7,535,928 francs came from France. The exports amounted to 8,963,895 francs, of which about one-fourth went to France. The largest imports were farinaceous foods and beverages; the largest exports were minerals, consisting of the ores of nickel (3,160,847 francs), cobalt (2,109,040 francs), and chrome (1,123,785 francs). In 1903 there were exported also coffee-beans to the value of 1,036,741 francs. In 1903, 98 vessels of 114,443 tons entered and 97 of 109,844

In 1903

tons cleared at the port of Nouméa. Nouméa is connected with Sydney in N. S. Wales by a steamer sailing monthly, and by other vessels sailing irregularly. There is a mail service by steamer along the coast. A railway from Nouméa to Bourail (90 miles) is under construction. Harbour improvements are in progress; a pier and a slip are being constructed, dredging operations are about to begin, and a wharf and a dry dock are contemplated. There are 580 miles of telegraph line and 115 of telephone line.

Dependencies of New Caledonia are:

1. The Isle of Pines, 30 miles to the south-east, with an area of 58 square miles and a population of about 600. The island is assigned as a place of detention for habitual criminals.

2. The Wallis Archipelago, north-east of Fiji, with an area of 40 square miles and about 4,500 inhabitants. The islands were placed under the French protectorate in 1887. There is a French Resident, and the archipelago is in regular communication with Nouméa.

3. The Loyalty Islands, 60 miles east of New Caledonia, consisting of 3 large and many small islands with a total area of about 800 square miles and 14,800 inhabitants. The chief culture in the islands is that of bananas; the chief export, sandal-wood.

4. The Huon Islands, 170 miles north-west of New Caledonia, almost barren.

5. Futuna and Alafi, south of the Wallis Islands, with about 1,500 inhabitants were annexed by France in 1888.

The New Hebrides, in accordance with the Anglo-French convention of October 29, 1887, are, for the protection of life and property, under the authority of a mixed commission of French and English naval officers on Pacific stations. An Order in Council of March 15, 1893, provides for the administration of justice, civil and criminal, as regards British subjects, and a decree of February 28, 1901, makes similar provision for French citizens. The Anglo-French Convention of April, 1904, provides for the appointment of a Commission for the regulation of disputes as to landed property between the subjects (natives) of the Islands. Two French trading and mining companies are at work in the islands.

British Consul at Nouméa.-A. G. Brophy.

FRENCH ESTABLISHMENTS IN OCEANIA.

These, scattered over a wide area in the Eastern Pacific, are administered by a governor with a privy council, and an elective Council-General of 11 members. They consist of the Society Islands, the most important of which are Tahiti and Moorea; the Tuamotu Islands; the Leeward (Iles sous le Vent) Islands, comprising Raiatea, Tahaa, Huahine, and Bora Bora; the Tubuai and Raivavae groups; the island of Rapa; the Gambier Islands; Rurutu and Rimatara Islands; the Marquezas Islands. Their total area is about 1,520 square miles and their population about 29,000.

The most important of these establishments is Tahiti with an area of 600 square miles and a population of 10,300 in 1897. The natives are Polynesians. The chief town is Papeete with 4,282 inhabitants of whom 2,490 are French. A higher primary school, with a normal school, has been established at Papeete, and there are 6 primary schools, each with about 100 pupils, in various islands, besides 4 Catholic and 2 Protestant mission schools. The expenditure of France for Tahiti (budget of 1905) amounts to 392,806 francs. The local budget for 1902 balanced at 1,295,425 francs. In

1904 the military force consisted of 42 Europeans. The island is mountainous with a fertile coast-land bearing coco-nut, banana, and orange trees, sugar-cane, and vanilla. Cotton, coffee, and tobacco are now little cultivated. The chief industries are the preparation of copra, sugar, and rum. In 1903 the imports amounted to 3,907,316 francs; the exports to 4,678,052 francs. The chief imports were food-stuffs, cottons, and hardware; the chief exports, copra (2, 198,100 francs), mother-o'-pearl (1,522,925 francs), vanilla (585,600 francs). Of the imports the value of 1,987,975 francs came from the United States; 629,000 francs from France and French colonies; 267,475 francs from Great Britain; 694,625 francs from Australia and New Zealand. Of the exports the value of 2,094,225 francs went to the United States; 925,250 francs to Great Britain; 819,050 francs to France and French colonies. In 1903 the total shipping entered at Papeete consisted of 328 vessels of 71,919 tons and cleared 320 of 71,880 tons; the greater part of the tonnage represents visits of steamers connecting the islands with San Francisco and with New Zealand. The San Francisco steamers (with a French subvention) sail at intervals of about 5 weeks; the New Zealand company has a monthly service between Papeete, the Tuamotu Islands, the Marquezas, and the Leeward Islands. Moorea has an area of 50 square miles and a population of 1,596. Raiatea and Tahaa have about 2,300 inhabitants; Huahine, 1,300; Bora Bora, 800. The Tubuai and Raivavae Islands are all small; their total area is about 100 square miles, and population about 1,700. The island of Rapa contains about 15 square miles with 192 inhabitants. The Tuamotu Islands have a population of about 5,000. Gambier Islands with an area of about 6 square miles have 580 inhabitants. The Gambier, Tubuai, Raivavae, Rapa, Rurutu, and Rimatara Islands are administered together as one group. The Marquezas Islands have an area of 480 square miles with 4,280 inhabitants. Their chief products are oranges, copra, and mother-o'-pearl.

The

For all the French establishments the local budgets for 1902 amounted to 1,652,435 francs.

British Consul at Tahiti.-Robert T. Simons.

Books of Reference on New Caledonia and French Oceania.

British Colonial Reports. Annual. London.

Bernard (Augustin), L'Archipel de la Nouvelle Calédonie. Paris, 1895.

Gallet, La Nouvelle Calédonie. Noumea, 1884.

Griffith (G.), In an Unknown Prison Land. London, 1901.

Hall (D. B.) and Osborne (Lord A.), South Sea Surf. London, 1900.

Haurigot (G.), Les Etablissements français en Océanie. Paris, 1891.

Hort (D.), Tahiti, the Garden of the Pacific. London, 1895.

Huguenin (Paul), Raiatea la Sacrée. In Vol. XIV. of the Bulletin de la Société Nechâteloise de Géographie. Vol xiv., 1902. Neuchâtel.

Jeannency (A.), La Nouvelle Calédonie agricole. 16. Paris, 1894.

Le Chartier. Tahiti. Paris, 1887.

Legrand (M. A.), Au Pays des Canaques. La Nouvelle Calédonie en 1890. 8. Paris, 1893. Lemire (C.), La Colonisation en Nouvelle Calédonie. Nouméa, 1893.-L'Océanie Française. Paris, 1904.

Marin (A.), Auloin: Souvenirs des Iles Marquises. Paris, 1891.

Mimande (P.), Criminopolis. Paris.

Monchoisy (), La Nouvelle Cythère. Paris, 1888.

Saliris (P. A. de), Marins et Missionaires: Conquête de la Nouvelle Calédonie, 1843-1853. 8. Paris, 1892.

Tolna (Comte R. F. de), Chez les Can bales (New Hebrides, &c.). Paris, 1903. Vuillod (J.), La Nouvelle Calédonie et ses produits en 1890. 8. Saint-Cloude 1891.