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Government is Herbertshöhe in the Bismarck Archipelago. Estimated revenue and expenditure of German New Guinea for the year 1905–06, 1,175,556 marks, including 852,436 marks of Imperial subvention.

2. Bismarck Archipelago.-In November 1884 a German Protectorate was declared over the New Britain Archipelago and several adjacent groups of islands, which were then renamed together the Bismarck Archipelago. The chief islands of this archipelago are Neu Pommern (formerly New Britain), Neu Mecklenburg (New Ireland), Neu Lauenburg (Duke of York Islands), and New Hannover, Admiralty, Anchorite, Commerson, Hermit, and other islands. White population (1904) 320 (203 German). Wesleyan and Catholic missions are at work. In 1904, the total cultivated area was 68,561 hectares; the chief products were copra, cotton, coffee, and kapok. Imports in 1903, 2,114,957 marks; exports, 963,066 marks (copra, 694,430 marks). In 1903-04 the archipelago was visited by 438 merchant vessels of 204,062 tons.

3. Solomon Islands.-Germany owns part of this group, including the islands of Bougainville and Buka, but Choiseul, Isabel or Mahaga, and various smaller islands to the east of Bougainville were transferred to Great Britain November 14, 1899. Sandal wood and tortoiseshell are the chief commercial products. The German islands are placed under the officials of Kaiser Wilhelm's Land.

4. The Caroline, Pelew (or Palau), and Marianne (or Ladrone) Islands. -By treaty of February 12, 1899, these islands, with the exception of Guam (the largest of the Marianne Islands), which had been ceded to the United States in 1898, passed on October 1, 1899, from Spanish to German possession. The purchase price paid by Germany was 16,810,000 marks (about 840,000l.). For administrative purposes the islands are divided into three groups: the Eastern Carolines, with Ponapé as the seat of Government; the Western Carolines and the Pelew Islands, with Yap as administrative centre; and the Marianne Islands, where the Island of Saipan is the seat of government. All the three groups for the present form part of the German New Guinea Protectorate. White population (1904): East Carolines, 88 (32 German); West Carolines, 56 (11 German); Marianne Islands, 58 (7 German). The native population of the East Carolines (1901) was 42,142; of the West Carolines (1904), 13,264. The estimated expenditure on these possessions for the year 1905-06 is 345,125 marks, of which 161,095 marks is contributed by the Imperial Government. Imports into East and West Carolines (1903), 780,859 marks; exports, 539,799 marks (mostly copra). In 1903, 70 vessels of 47,567 tons visited the two groups. Marianne Islands: imports (1903), 71,989 marks; exports, 230,570.

The Carolines consist of about 500 coral islets, Ponapé having about 2,000 inhabitants, Yap 7,155, and Kusai 400. The population is mainly of Malay origin, with some Chinese and Japanese. The chief export is copra. The Pelew (Palau) Islands, to the west of the Carolines, have (1904) 3,101. inhabitants; they are about 26 in number, mostly coral, many of them uninhabited; the largest is Babelthuap, which contains the bulk of the population. The German Marianne Islands, to the north of Pelew, have (1904), 2,646 inhabitants; their northern group is actively volcanic and uninhabited.

5. Marshall Islands.-The Marshall Islands, consisting of two chains or rows of lagoon islands, known respectively as Ratack (with thirteen islands) and Ralick (with eleven islands), have belonged to Germany since 1885. European population in 1904, 81 (61 German). Other population, 15,000. The

cost of administration is borne by the Jaluit Company. The chief island and seat of the German Imperial Commissioner is Jaluit. The most populous island is Majeru with 2,600 inhabitants; several of the islands are uninhabited. Protestant (American) and Catholic missions are at work. There are plantations of coco-palm (2,700 acres). Imports in 1903, 497,794 marks; exports, 522,210 marks. The chief export is copra. The Islands were visited by 84 merchant vessels of 16,240 tons in 1903.

6. Samoan Islands.-Among German dependencies are included Savaii and Upolu, the largest of the Samoan or Navigator Islands. The whole group had formed the subject of a conference at Berlin in 1889, when an Act was signed by the representatives of Great Britain, Germany, and the United States, guaranteeing the neutrality and independence of the islands, and recognising the right of the natives to elect their King and to follow their own laws and customs. To the three signatory powers there were reserved equal rights of residence, trade, and personal protection. This arrangement continued in force till 1898, when King Malietoa Laupepa died, and disturbances arose regarding the succession. A joint commission which was appointed recommended, among other measures, the abolition of the kingship. The result was that, by the Anglo-German Agreement of November 14, 1899, accepted and ratified by the United States in January, 1900, Great Britain renounced all rights over the islands in favour of Germany as regards Savaii and Upolu, and in favour of the United States as regards Tutuila and other islands. Claims for compensation for losses caused by military operations during the disturbances were referred for arbitration to the King of Sweden, who decided that the British and American Governments are responsible for injuries due to their action. Under the German Imperial Governor there is a native High Chief with a native council at the head of local administration, the several districts being administered by chiefs. Justice is administered by native as well as European judges and magistrates.

Savaii has a length of about 47 miles and an area of about 660 square miles; Upolu has about the same length with an area of 340 square miles. Both islands are mountainous, fertile, and well watered. Several adjacent islets, exceedingly fertile and populous, are included in the German dependency. The port of Apia is in Upolu. The inhabitants of the islands are Polynesians, nominally Christian (Protestant, Catholic, and Mormon), but native superstitions are prevalent. The population as determined by a census carried out between August 15 and October 15, 1900, numbered 32,612, distributed as follows:-Upolu, 18,341; Manono and Apolima, 1,070; Savaii, 13,201. There were in 1903 381 white inhabitants (192 German). Primary instruction is given in the schools of English and American Protestant missions and French Catholic missions, the German language being generally taught. Some progress is being made in the construction of roads, of which about 60 miles are in good order. The revenue and expenditure for1905-06 were estimated at 616,360 marks, including 222,150 marks of Imperial subvention. Trade is in the hands of German, British and American firms. The Deutsche Samoa Gesellschaft carries on plantation and trade. Chinese labourers are imported. The staple product is copra. In 1903 the imports amounted to 2,681,000 marks, and the exports to 1,385,000 marks. The imports are chiefly haberdashery, kerosene, provisions, &c., mainly from Australia and New Zealand. The chief exports are copra and cocoa beans. In 1903, 111 vessels of 46,514 tons entered at the port of Apia.

The currency is in marks but English and American gold and silver coin are legal tender: 17. = 20 42 marks; 5 U.S. dollars = 20.95 marks. British Vice-consul at Apia.-T. Trood.

BOOKS OF REFERENCE ON GERMAN DEPENDENCIES.

1. German Dependencies Generally.

Arrangement between Great Britain and Germany relative to their respective Spheres in Africa. London, 1885 The same with reference to New Guinea. London, 1885. Budget of the German Protectorates. Annual. Berlin.

Denkschrift über die Entwickelung der deutschen Schutzgebiete. With Appendices. Annual. Berlin.

Deutsche Kolonialzeitung, Organ der Deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft. nightly).

Deutscher Kolonial-Kalender. Berlin. Annual.

Deutsches Kolonialblatt. Berlin.

Die deutsche Kolonial-Gesetzgebung. 6 parts. Berlin, 1893-1903.
Fitzner (R.), Deutches Kolonial Handbuch. Berlin, 1896.
Gareis (D. K.), Deutsches Kolonialrecht. Giessen, 1902. -
Hessler (K.), Die Deutschen Kolonien. Leipzig, 1900.
Jahresbericht der deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft. Berlin.
Johnston (Sir H.), The Colonisation of Africa. Cambridge, 1899.
Keltie (J. S.), The Partition of Africa. 2nd ed. London, 1895.

Berlin (fort

Beiträge zur Kolonialpolitik und Kolonialwirthschaft. Herausgegeben von der deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft, 1899, Heft 1, gr. 8°. Berlin.

Langhans (P.), Deutschlands Kolonial Atlas. Gotha, 1895-97.

Mitteilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten (nach amtlichen Quellen). Bd. 1-11. Berlin, 1889-98. S. [Von Bd. 4 (1891) ab: "Wissenschaftliche Beihefte zum amtlichen deutschen Kolonialblatt."]

Sadebeck (R.), Die Kulturgewäsche der deutschen Kolonien und ihre Erjungnisse 8°, Jena, 1899.

Sammlung geographischer und kolonialpolitischer Schriften. Nos. 1-7. Berlin, 1897. Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich. Berlin.

Weissbuch. Annual. Berlin.

1901.

2. Kamerun and Togoland.

Dominik (H.), Kamerun: Sechs Kriegs-und Friedensjahre in deutschen Tropen. Berlin, Hutter (F.). Wanderungen und Forschungen im Nord-Hinterland von Kamerun. Braunschweig, 1902. Wohltmann (F.), Der Plantagenbau in Kamerun und seine Zukunft. 8. Berlin, 1896. Zintgrapf (Eugen), Nord-Kamerun. 8. Berlin, 1895.

3. South-West Africa.

Angra Pequeña. Copy of Despatch from the Earl of Derby to H.M.'s High Commission in S. Africa relative to the Establishment of a German Protectorate at Angra Pequeña and along the Coast. London, 1884.

Baum (H.), Kolonial wirtschaftliches Komitee. Kunene-Sambesi Expedition. Berlin,

1903.

Bülow (F. J. von), Deutsch Südwest-Africa: Drei Jahre im Lande Hendrik Witboois. 2nd ed. Berlin, 1899.

François (H. von), Nama und Damara. Deutsch-Süd-west-Afrika. 8. Magdeburg, 1895.
Leiner (F.), Bergtouren und Steppenfahrten im Hereroland. Berlin, 1904.
Schwabe (Lieut.), Mit Schwert und Pflug in Deutsch Snd west-Afrika. Berlin, 1899.

4. East Africa.

Baumann (Oscar), In Deutsch Ostafrika während des Aufstandes. 8. Vienna, 1890. Usambara und seine Nachbargebiete. S. Berlin, 1891.

Leue (A.), Dar-es-Salaam. Berlin, 1903.

Meyer (H.), Der Kilimandjaro. Berlin 1900.

Peters (Dr. Karl), Das deutsch-ostafrikanische Schuzgebiet. 8. München und Leipzig, 1895.

Reichard (P.), Deutsch-Ostafrika. 8. Leipzig, 1892.

5. Kiau-Chau.

Franzius (G.), Kiautschou, Deutschlands Erwerbung in Ostasien. 3rd ed. Berlin, 1898. Hesse-Wartegg (E. von), Schantung und Deutsch-China. Leipzig, 1898.-Samoa, Bismarckarchipel und Neu Guinea. Leipzig, 1902.

Hirth (F.), Schantung und Kiau-tschóu. München, 1898.

Richthofen (F. von), Schantung und seine Eingangspforte Kiautschon. Berlin, 1898.

6. Pacific.

Bastian (A.), die Mikronesischen Colonien aus ethnologischen Geschichtspunkten. Berlin, 1899.

Boyd (Mary S.), Our Stolen Summer. [Samoa, &c.] London, 1900.
Christian (F. W.), The Caroline Islands. London, 1899.

Churchill (L1. P.), Samoa 'Uma. London, 1902.

Churchward (W. B.), My Consulate in Samoa. London, 1887.

Correspondence respecting the Affairs of Samoa. London, 1899

Ehlers (O. E.), Samoa die Perle der Sudsee à jour Gefasst. Berlin, 1900.

Finsch (Otto), Karolinen und Marianen. Hamburg, 1900.

Ibañez y Garcia (L. de), Historia de las Islas Marianas, &c. Granada, 1886.

Krämer (A.), Die Samoa Inseln. Vol. I. Stuttgart, 1902.

Krieger (M.), and others, Neu-Guinea. Berlin, 1899.

Kurze (G.), Samoa, Das Land, die Leute und die Mission. Berlin, 1899.

Monfat (A.), Les Samoa. Lyon, 1890.

Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelm's Land und den Bismarck-Archipel. Herausgegeben

von der Neu-Guinea Kompagnie. Berlin (at intervals).

Pfeil (J. Graf), Studien und Beobachtungen aus der Südsee.

Reinecke (F.), Samoa. Berlin, 1901.

Brunswick, 1899.

Turner (G.), Samoa a Hundred Years Ago and Long Before. London, 1884.

Stair (J. B.), Old Samoa. London, 1897.

Stevenson (R. L.), A Footnote to History. London, 1892.-Vailima Letters. London, 1895. Wegener (G.), Deutschland in der Südsee. Bielefeld, 1903.

STATES OF GERMANY.

ALSACE-LORRAINE.

(REICHSLAND ELSASS-LOTHRINGEN.)

Constitution.

The fundamental laws under which the Reichsland, or Imperial Land, of Alsace-Lorraine is governed were voted by the German Reichstag June 9, 1871, June 20, 1872, June 25, 1873, May 2, 1877, July 4, 1879, September 28, 1885, and December 11, 1889. By the law of June 9, 1871, it is enacted, "The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, ceded by France in the peace preliminaries of February 26, 1871, under limits definitely fixed in the Treaty of Peace of May 10, 1871, shall be for ever united with the German Empire.' The Constitution of the German Empire was introduced in Alsace-Lorraine on January 1, 1874. In May, 1901, the provision for dictatorship in matters of organisation and administration was abolished.

The administration of Alsace-Lorraine is under a Governor-General, bearing the title of 'Statthalter.'

Statthalter of Alsace-Lorraine.-Prince Hohenlohe-Langenburg, appointed October 30, 1894.

According to the constitutional law of July 4, 1879, the Emperor appoints the Statthalter, who exercises power as the representative of the Imperial Government, having his residence at Strassburg. A Ministry composed of four departments, with a responsible Secretary of State at its head, acts under the Statthalter, who also is assisted by a Council of State, comprising the Statthalter as President, the Secretary of State, the three UnderSecretaries of State, the President of the Chief Provincial Court of Justice, the Attorney-General, and eight to twelve other members appointed by the Emperor, of whom three are presented by the Landesausschuss, or Provincial Committee. This Committee, which attends to local legislation, consists of 58 members.

Area and Population.

The Reichsland has an area of 14,513 square kilometers or 5,604 English square miles. It is administratively divided into three Bezirke, or districts, called Ober-Elsass, Unter-Elsass, and Lothringen, which are sub-divided, Ober-Elsass into 6. Unter-Elsass into 8, and Lothringen into 9 circles. The following table shows the area, population, and the inhabitants per square mile of each of the districts and of the whole :

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The population on December 1, 1900, consisted of 880,437 males, and 839,033 females.

According to an official estimate (1900), 198,300 are of French origin (Sprachstamme), and 1,492,300 of German origin. Foreigners numbered 65,251 in 1900, a larger number in proportion to population than any of the other States of the Empire. The garrison (1900) consisted of 78,858 men. In 1900, 48.1 per cent. of the population resided in towns of 2,000 inhabitants and upwards; 519 per cent. in rural communes. The three largest towns are Strassburg (151,041 inhabitants in 1900), the capital of Alsace-Lorraine; Mülhausen (83,118 inhabitants), in Ober-Elsass; and Metz (58,462 inhabitants), in Lothringen. Marriages, 1903, 12,514; births, 53,189; deaths, 36,366; surplus of births, 16,823. Of the births, 1,563 (2.94 per cent.) were still-born, and 3,873 (16·94 per cent.) were illegitimate.

Religion, Instruction, Justice and Crime.

At the census of December 1, 1900, there were in the Reichsland 1,310,450 Catholics, 372,078 Protestants, 4,416 members of other Christian sects, 32,264 Jews; other religions, 18, and 244 unclassified.

German Empire.)

(See also

In 1903 the Reichsland contained a university (at Strassburg, see German Empire), 17 Gymnasia, 4 Progymnasien, 3 higher Realschulen, 12 Realschulen (4 united with gymnasia), 1 agricultural school, 7 seminaries, 5 preparatory schools for teachers, 65 higher girls' schools, 2,836 elementary schools, 85 private elementary schools, 461 infant schools, 39 intermediate schools, 4 institutions for the deaf and dumb, 2 for the blind, 2 for idiots. Alsace-Lorraine has an Oberlandesgericht at Colmar, and six Landgerichte. In 1902, 12,853 persons were convicted of crime.

Finance.

The budget estimates of public revenue of Alsace-Lorraine in the year ending March 31, 1905, amounted to 63,113,732 marks, and the estimates of expenditure to 63,074,994 marks. There was also an extraordinary revenue of 5,300,821 marks, and an expenditure of 5,339,559 marks. More than half

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