In 1913 the area of the vineyards was $2.897 hectares, which yielded 828.403 bectolitres of wine. E RA 1862 hectares were planted with tobacco, azi melled 1,582 metric tons of dried tobacco. In 1908, 4,024 hectares were under hope and yielded 8.988 metric tens The cotton manufacture in Alsace-Lorraine is the most important in Germany: woollens are produced on a smaller scale. In 1902 minerals to the value of 39.518,552 marks, exclusive of gypsum and limestone, were raised in the Reichsiand. There were in 1903 (March 31), 1,202 miles of railway in Alsace Lottame, of which 1,076 miles belonged to the State. Books of Reference. Beiträge zur Landes- und Volkeskunde von Elsass-Lothringen. By various writers he progress. 1-29. Strassburg, 1887-1904. Das Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen, Landes-und Ortsbeschreibung. Herausgegeben vom 1873, &c. Heft 1. XXIX. Strassbung. Statistisches Handbuch für Elsass-Lothringen, II. Jahrgang. Strassburg, 1009, urg, 1897. 1 ANHALT. (HERZOGTHUM ANHALT.) The reigning Duke is Friedrich, born August 19, 1856, son of the late Duke Friedrich of Anhalt and of Princess Antoinette of Saxe-Altenburg. Succeeded to the throne at the death of his father, January 24, 1904; married, July 2, 1889, to Princess Marie of Baden. Brothers and Sisters of the Duke:-I. Princess Elisabeth, born September 7, 1857; married, April 17, 1877, to the Hereditary Grand-duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. II. Prince Eduard, born April 18, 1861; married, February 6. 1895, to Princess Louise of Saxe-Altenburg; offspring, Princess Marie, born June 10, 1898; Prince Joachim Ernst, born January 11, 1901 ; Prince Eugen, born April 17, 1903. III. Prince Aribert, born June 18, 1864; married, July 6, 1891, to Princess Louise of Schleswig-Holstein; the marriage was dissolved July 10, 1900. IV. Princess Alexandra, born April 4, 1868, married, January 25, 1897, to the Prince Sizzo of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Grandchild of the Duke :-Princess Antoinette, born March 3, 1885, daughter of the late Prince Leopold, the Duke's eldest brother, and Elizabeth, daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse. The Dukes of Anhalt trace their origin to Bernhard, son of the celebrated Albert the Bear, Margrave of Brandenburg, who died in 1211. The family, in the course of time, split into numerous branches, now reduced to the present line. At the establishment of the Germanic Confederation, in 1815, there were three reigning Dukes of Anhalt-namely, of Anhalt-Cöthen, Anhalt-Bernburg, and Anhalt-Dessau. The first of these lines became extinct in 1847, and the second on August 19, 1863, leaving the former house of Anhalt-Dessau the sole heir of the family territory. In 1806 the Princes of Anhalt took the title of Dukes, on joining the Confederation of the Rhine. The Duke of Anhalt separated his property from that of the State by decree of June 28, 1869. The entailed property belonging to the ducal family is the sole resource of the Duke. Part of it, called the select entail,' yielding about 600,000 marks, cannot be sold by the Duke without the approbation of the Diet. To the entailed property belong very large private estates in Prussia and Hungary, embracing an area of 280 square miles. The Duchy has a Constitution, proclaimed September 17, 1859, and modified by decrees of September 17, 1863, and February 13, 1872, followed by others in 1873, 1874, 1876, 1887, 1890, and 1895. The legislative power is vested in a Diet composed of 36 members, of whom two are appointed by the Duke, eight are representatives of landowners who pay the highest taxes, two of the highest taxed inhabitants belonging to the mercantile and industrial classes, fourteen of the other inhabitants of towns, and ten of the rural districts, the representatives being chosen for 6 years by indirect vote. The executive power is entirely in the hands of the Duke, who governs through a Minister of State. The capital, Dessau, had 50,849 inhabitants in 1900; Bernburg, 34,431; Cöthen, 22,091; Zerbst, 17,095. Nearly the whole of the inhabitants belong to the Reformed Protestant Church, there being (1900) 11,699 Catholics and 1,605 Jews. The budget estimates for the financial year 1904-05 stated the income and expenditure of the State at 27,489,450 marks for the Duchy and the Empire. The public debt amounted, on June 30, 1903, to 4,237,447, marks, and the State property to 9,877,298 marks. British Minister Plenipotentiary.-Rt. Hon. Sir F. C. Lascelles, G. C. B., G.C.M.G. BADEN. (GROSSHERZOGTUM BADEN.) Reigning Grand-duke. of Grand-duke Leopold Regent, April 24, 1852 ; Married, September 20, Friedrich I., born September 9, 1826, second son and of Grand-duchess Sophie Princess of Sweden. took the title of Grand-duke September 5, 1856. 1856, to Grand-duchess Luise, born December 3, 1838, the daughter of Wilhelm I., Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia. Offspring:-I. Friedrich, born July 9, 1857; married, September 20, 1885, to Hilda, daughter of the Grand-duke of Luxemburg, Duke of Nassau. II. Victoria, born August 7, 1862; married, September 20, 1881, to Crown Prince Gustaf of Sweden. Brother and Sister of the Grand-duke. I. Princess Alexandrine, born December 6, 1820; married, May 3, 1842, to the late Duke Ernst of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. II. Prince Karl, born March 9, 1832; married, May 17, 1871, to Rosalie von Beust, created Countess von Rhena, born June 10, 1845. The Grand-dukes of Baden are descendants of the Dukes of Zaehringen, who flourished in the 11th and 12th centuries. Till the end of last century, Baden was a Margraviate divided into two or more lines; since then it has been united, and in the changes which preceded and followed the dissolution of the former German Empire its territory received various additions, and its ruler took the title of Elector in 1803, and of Grand-duke in 1806. Baden was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine, and, from 1815 to 1866, of the German Confederation. In 1866 Baden sided with Austria, but soon made peace with Prussia. The predecessors of the present Grand-duke during the last two centuries are as follows: Karl Wilhelm 1709-1738 Karl 1811-1818 The Grand-duke is in the receipt of a civil list of 1,881,412 marks, which includes the allowances made to the princes and princesses. Constitution. The Constitution of Baden vests the executive power in the Grand duke, the legislative authority is shared by him with a representative assembly (Landtag), composed of two Chambers. The Upper Chamber comprises the princes of the reigning family who are of age; the heads of the mediatised families; eight members elected by the territorial nobility; the Roman Catholic Archbishop; the prelate of the Protestant Church; two deputies of Universities; and eight members nominated by the Grand-duke. The Second Chamber is composed of 63 representatives of the people, 20 of whom are elected by towns, and 43 by rural districts. Every citizen not convicted of crime, nor receiving parish relief, has a vote in the elections. The elections are indirect: the citizens nominating the Wahlmänner, or deputy-electors, and the latter the representatives. The members of the Second Chamber are elected for four years, one-half of the number retiring at 1 Under the regency of his brother, the reigning Grand-duke. the end of every two years. The Chambers must be called together at least once every two years. Members of both Chambers whose seats are not hereditary, receive an allowance of 12 marks a day and travelling expenses. The executive is composed of four departments-the Ministers of the Interior, of the Grand-ducal House and of Foreign Affairs, of Finance, and of Justice, Ecclesiastical Affairs and Instruction. In 1901 the State Ministry was increased by the addition of a member without portfolio. The ministers are individually and collectively responsible for their actions. For general administrative purposes the Grand-duchy contains 53 'Amtsbezirke,' superintended by four general commissioners (LandesKommissäre). For purposes of local government it is divided into 11 circles (Kreise), and 1,608 communes (Gemeinden), 120 communal cities, and 1,488 parishes. Area and Population. The following table shows the area and population of the whole, and of the four commissioners' districts : Adding the part of the Lake of Constance next to Baden the area is 5,893 square miles. Between 1895 and 1900 the increase was 142,480, or at the rate of 1.60 per cent. per annum. Of the population in 1900, 506 per cent. lived in communities with 2,000 inhabitants and upwards, 49 4 per cent. in smaller communities; 926,277 were males, and 941,667 females-i. e. 101 66 females per 100 males. The population of the principal towns at the census of December 1, 1900, The number of marriages in Baden in 1903 was 15,546, births, 66,689, deaths, 41,362, excess of births over deaths, 25,327. Included in the births were 1,728, or 2.59 per cent., still-born, and 4,,853 or 7 28 per cent., illegitimate children. In 1903, 882 emigrants went to the United States. Religion and Instruction. Nearly two-thirds of the population are Catholic, somewhat more than one-third Protestant. At the census of 1900 there were 1,131,639 Catholics, 704,058 Protestants, 5,563 of other Christian sects, 26,132 Jews, and 552 others. The Grand-duke is Protestant, and head of the Evangelical or Protestant Church, which is governed by a synod (with 56 members), and whose affairs are administered by a board (Oberkirchenrat). The Roman Catholic Church has an Archbishop (at Freiburg). The Protestant Church has 365 parishes, the Roman Catholic Church 798; the former are divided among 25 deaneries, the latter among 39. The contributions of the State to the Roman Catholic Church amounted, in 1904, to 461,082 marks (besides 113,730 marks dotation of the archbishopric); to the Protestant Church, 444,794 marks; given in both cases, mainly in support of the poorer clergy. There are a certain number of Old Catholic' parishes, to which the State contributes yearly 38,000 marks. The Jews have 15 rabbinates, and receive (1904) 20,440 marks towards the support of the poorer clergy. Instruction is general and compulsory. The elementary schools are maintained by the communes (expenditure on material) and by the State (personal expenditure), and administered by local authorities under the inspection of Government. The following table shows the public schools in Baden for 1902-1903 : Besides 43 private middle schools, with 530 teachers and 4,025 pupils, 6 private elementary schools, with 43 teachers and 830 pupils, 46 special schools of the 'badischen Frauenvereins,' with 143 teachers and 4,343 pupils, and 44 private special schools, with 230 teachers and 4,199 pupils. In 1901, 16,347 persons were convicted, |