Finance

The Budget is voted for a period of two years. The sources of ordinary and extraordinary revenue and branches of expenditure were estimated for 1904 as follows:

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The deficit is compensated by surplus of former years (Amortisations-Kasse), The direct taxes are a land tax, house tax, trade tax, rent tax, and income tax; the indirect taxes are chiefly excise on wine, beer, and meat, registry, duties on succession.

Baden has no public debt, except the railway debt, amounting at the beginning of 1904 to 410,284,453 marks.

Production and Industry.

Of the area 56.8 per cent. is under cultivation, 38.2 per cent. forests, 50 per cent. uncultivated (houses, roads, water, &c.). Arable land occupies 566,090 hectares, vineyards 19,340, chestnut plantations 550, meadows 211,230, pastures 52,370, and forests 576,162 hectares (of which 100,660 belong to the State, 267,709 to the communes, 20,342 to other bodies, and 187,451 to private persons).

The total number of agricultural tenements, each cultivated by one household, was in the year 1895 as follows:

Their total area was 1,011,755 hectares. The agriculture supported in 1895 709,854 persons, of whom 364,237 were actually engaged therein. The acres in hectares (2 47 acres) and yield in metric tons (2,204 lbs.) in 1903 were:

The

In the same year 17,630 hectares yielded 642,630 hectolitres (of 22 gallons) of wine; beetroot, turnips, hemp, and chicory are also grown. mineral produce consists almost solely of salt and building-stone.

The principal manufactures are silk ribbons, felt and straw hats, brushes, leather, paper and cardboard, clocks, musical instruments, machinery, chemicals, and cigars. The chemical works comprise factories for colours, acids, glycerine, ether, quinine, and superphosphates.

Communications.

Mannheim is situated at the head of regular navigation on the Rhine, and has a large river port; 1902, arrival 3,975,687 tons, departure 847,581 tons. At the end of 1902 the total length of railways in Baden was 1,060 miles, of which 940 miles belonged to the State of Baden, besides 67 miles of railway on neighbouring territories. The State operates its own railways and most of the private railways in the country. The whole length of these railways is 1,036 miles, which had (in 1902) an income of 75,680,664 marks, and an expenditure of 61,453,795 marks, leaving a surplus of 14,226,869 marks. The net revenue of the railways belonging to the State serves especially to cover the interest and sinking fund of the railway debt. The capital invested by the State in railways is 602 million marks.

British Chargé d'Affaires at Carlsruhe.-Arthur Herbert, (Darmstadt). Consul.-Paul Ladenburg (Mannheim).

References concerning Baden.

Staatsanzeiger. Beitraege zur Statistik der inneren Verwaltung. lungen. Statistisches Jahrbuch. Hof-und Staatshandbuch. Wochenblatt. Jahresberichte der Handelskammern.

Statistische MitteiLandwirtschaftliches

Das Grossherzogthum Baden in geographischer, &c. Hinsicht dargestellt. 2 pts. 8. Karlsruhe. 1885.

ed.

Baedeker's Handbook for Travellers: The Rhine from Rotterdam to Constance. 15th London, 1903.

Neumann (L.), Der Schwarzwald. In 'Land und Leute' Series. Vol. XIII. Bielefeld und Leipzig, 1902.

BAVARIA.

(KÖNIGREICH BAYERN.)
Reigning King.

Otto Wilhelm Luitpold, born April 27, 1848; succeeded his brother, Ludwig II., on June 13, 1886.

Uncle and Cousins of the King.

Prince Luitpold, born March 12, 1821; appointed Regent June 10, 1886; married, April 15, 1844, to Archduchess Augusta of Austria, Princess of Tuscany, who died April 26, 1864. Offspring of the union are four children :

I. Prince Ludwig, born January 7, 1845; married, February 20, 1868, to

Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, of the branch of Modena, born July 2. 1849, of which marriage there are ten children :-1. Prince Rupprecht, born May 18, 1869; married July 10, 1900, to Marie Gabriele, daughter of Duke Karl in Bavaria; offspring: Prince Luitpold, born May 8, 1901. 2. Princess Adelgunda, born October 17, 1870. 3. Princess Marie, born July 6, 1872; married May 31, 1897, to Prince Ferdinand of Bourbon. 4. Prince Karl, born April 1, 1874. 5. Prince Franz, born October 10, 1875. 6. Princess Mathilde, born August 17, 1877; married May 1, 1900, to Prince Ludwig of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. 7. Princess Hildegard, born March 5, 1881. 8. Princess Wiltrud, born November 10, 1884. 9. Princess Helmtrud, born March 22, 1886. 10. Princess Gundelinde, born August 26, 1891.

II. Prince Leopold, born February 9, 1846; married April 20, 1873, to Archduchess Gisela of Austria-Hungary, eldest daughter of the Emperor-King Franz Joseph I. Offspring of the union are:-1. Princess Elizabeth, born January 8, 1874; married December 2, 1893, to Baron Seefried. 2. Princess Auguste, born April 28, 1875; married November 15, 1893, to Archduke Joseph Augustus of Austria. 3. Prince George, born April 2, 1880. 4. Prince Konrad, born November 22, 1883.

III. Theresa, born November 12, 1850; abbess of the chapter royal of St. Anne at Munich.

IV. Arnulf, born July 6, 1852; married April 12, 1882, to Princess Theresia of Liechtenstein. Offspring, Prince Heinrich, born June 24, 1884.

The late Prince Adalbert, brother of Prince Luitpold, married to Princess Amelia, Infanta of Spain, left the following issue:-1. Prince Ludwig Ferdinand, born October 22, 1859; married April 2, 1883, to Maria della Paz, Infanta of Spain; offspring, Prince Ferdinand, born May 10, 1884; Prince Adalbert, born June 3, 1886; Princess Maria del Pilar, born March 13, 1891. 2. Prince Alfons, born January 24, 1862; married April 15, 1891, to Princess Louise of Orléans, daughter of the Duke of Alençon; offspring, Prince Joseph Clement, born May 25, 1902. 3. Princess Isabella, born August 31, 1863; married April 14, 1883, to Prince Tommaso of Savoy, Duke of Genoa. 4. Princess Elvira, born November 22, 1868; married December 28, 1891, to Count Rodolph of Wrbna and Freudenthal. 5. Princess Klara, born October 11, 1874; abbess of the chapter royal of St. Anne at Würzburg.

The members of the royal house of Bavaria are descendants of the ancient Counts of Wittelsbach, who flourished in the twelfth century. Duke Maximilian I. of Bavaria was elevated to the rank of Elector of the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War; and Elector Maximilian Joseph was raised to the rank of king by Napoleon I. in 1805.

The civil list of the King, and allowances to other members of the royal family, are fixed at present at 5,402, 475 marks.

Constitution and Government.

The present Constitution of Bavaria dates from May 26, 1818; but since that time various modifications have been introduced. The Crown is here

or

ditary in the male line. To the king belongs the sole executive power; but his ministers are responsible for all his acts. The legislative functions are exercised jointly by the king and Parliament, the latter consisting of an Upper and a Lower House. The Upper House-Chamber of 'Reichsräte,' councillors of the realm-consists of 18 princes of the royal family, 2 crown dignitaries, the 2 archbishops, the heads of 20 old noble families, and 27 other hereditary Reichsräte'; to which are added a Roman Catholic bishop and the president of the Protestant Oberconsistorium, and 17 life

members appointed by the Crown. The number of life-members so appointed must not exceed one-third of the hereditary councillors. The Lower House, or Chamber of Representatives, consists of deputies, chosen indirectly, the people returning 'Wahlmänner,' or electors, 1 for every 500 of the population, who nominate the deputies. To be a deputy, it is necessary to be a Bavarian citizen and to pay direct State taxes and to be past thirty; to be on the electoral lists, it is required to be twenty-one years of age, and to have paid for six months previously direct taxation. The representation of the country is calculated at the rate of one deputy to 31,500 souls of the whole population. The Lower House is composed of 159 representatives, who, with the exception of those resident in Munich, receive 10 marks a day during the session, and travel free over the railways.

The executive is carried on, in the name of the king, by a 'Staatsrat,' or Council of State, consisting of six members, besides the Ministers and one prince of the blood-royal; and by the Ministry of State, divided into seven departments, namely, of the Royal House and of Foreign Affairs, of Justice, of the Interior, of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, of Finance, of Communications, and of War.

Area and Population.

The kingdom has an area of 75,870 square kilomètres, or 29,286 English square miles. The following table exhibits the area and population of the whole, and of each of the eight Regierungsbezirke or government districts, into which it is divided for administrative purposes :

To the area has to be added 257 square miles for water. The population in 1900 consisted of 3,028,100 males and 3,147,957 females, or 104 0 females per 100 males.

In 1866 Bavaria was compelled to cede nearly 300 square miles to Prussia. The increase of the population since 1880 has been as follows:

:

The urban and rural population was thus distributed at the censuses of 1895 and 1900:

In 1900 the urban population was thus distributed :—

1 See under German Empire for official signification of these terms.

With respect to conjugal condition, the following was the distribution in 1895 and 1900:

For the division of the population according to occupation see German Empire. In 1900 the number of foreigners in Bavaria (exclusive of other Germans) was 106,756 (British, 877).

The following table shows the annual movement of the population in five years: