The following table gives the effective, ordinary and extraordinary revenue and expenditure for six years. The Prussian financial year ends on March 31 following the year indicated in the table (20 marks = = £1) : In the budget estimates for the year ending March 31, 1905, the sources of revenue and expenditure were given as follows: For the year 1905–06 the estimated revenue and expenditure balanced at 2,713,505,707 marks. The total expenditure amounts to 812 marks per head of population. The direct taxes amount almost to 6.4 marks per head. Since April 1, 1895, only the income tax, a new supplementary tax (Vermögenssteuer), and the tax " vom Gewerbebetriebe im Umherziehen are direct State-taxes; the land-tax, the house-tax, and the trading-tax are received by the communes. The expenditure for the army and navy is not entered in the budget of Prussia, but forms part of the budget of the Empire. The public debt of the Kingdom, inclusive of the provinces annexed in 1866, was, according to the budget of 1904, as follows: The charges for interest, amortisation, and management of the debt amounted to 286,974,138 marks in the financial year 1904. The debt amounts to 204 marks per head of population, and the annual charge to 8 marks per head. In 1890 the total value of incomes was estimated by Dr. Soetbeer at 10,000 million marks, or 500,000,000l. sterling, and the average per head at 342 marks, or 171. 2s. Army. The military organization of the Kingdom, dating from the year 1814, is based on the principle that every man, capable of bearing arms, shall receive military instruction and enter the army for a certain number of years. The conditions of service have been already described under German Empire. The peace strength of the Prussian contingent of the Imperial army was given as follows in the budget estimates of 1904-1905: The number of farms in Prussia on June 5, 1882, and on June 14, 1895, was as follows: The total area of the farms in 1895 was 28,479,739 hectares. These farms supported, 1895, a population of 10,948,476, of whom 4,633,055 were actively engaged in agriculture. The areas under the chief crops, the yield in metric tons, and the yield per hectare in 1903, were as follows (1 hectare = 2.47 acres ; 1 metric ton = 2,204 lbs.): The largest wheat-crops are grown in Saxony, Silesia, Rhineland and Hanover; rye is a common crop all over the Kingdom; barley is produced in greatest quantities in Saxony and Silesia; and oats in Silesia, Saxony, Hannover, Rhineland, and other northern provinces. Brandenburg, Silesia, and Posen produce the most potatoes. In 1903 there were vineyards on 18,316 hectares, yielding 598,933 hectolitres of wine; hops on 2,129 hectares, yielding 915 metric tons. On December 1, 1902, Prussia contained 3,154,121 owners of live stock which consisted of 2,927,484 horses, 10,405,769 cattle, 5,917,698 sheep, and 12,749,998 swine. In 1902-03 Prussia contained 300 establishments engaged in the manufac ture of beet-root sugar, which consumed 9,006,621 metric tons of beet-root in the production of 1,209,731 metric tons of raw sugar, and 238,933 metric tons of molasses. In 1902-03 there were 4,770 breweries in action in Prussia, which brewed 30,524,982 hectolitres of beer, or 86 litres per head of the population. In 1902-03 there were 6,428 distilleries in operation, which produce 2,811,023 hectolitres of alcohol. II. MINERALS. The mineral riches of Prussia are very considerable. The coal-mines especially have developed greatly during the last half-century. The coal raised in Prussia amounts to over 90 per cent. of the total coal produced in Germany, and is found mostly in Silesia, Westphalia, and the Rhine Province; lignite being mainly worked in Saxony. The output of coal increased from 17,571,581 tons in 1848 to 101,203,807 tons in 1901, and the output of lignite in the same time from 8,118,553 tons to 37,491,412 tons. Considerable quantities of iron are also raised in Prussia, chiefly in the Rhine Province, Westphalia, Silesia, Hannover, and Hesse-Nassau. The following table shows the quantities (in metric tons) and the values (in marks) of the coal and iron ore raised, and of the pig-iron produced in 1901-02: Prussia yields about one-half (1902: 174,892 tons) of the world's annual production of zinc; and copper (1902: 28,240 tons) and lead (1902: 129,799 tons) are also found. The total value of the mining products in 1902 was 1,076,653,845 marks, and of the smelting products 506,962,714 marks. In 1901 the numbers employed in and about mines in Prussia were : Underground workers, 351,661; surface workers, 107,111; boys (under 16), 15,567; females, 5,997; total, 480,336. The amount of their wages was 482,990,605 marks. Commerce. The trade of Prussia forms an important part of the general trade of the German customs district (Zollgebiet), which now includes the whole of the Empire, with exception of few districts in Baden and of small parts of the ports of Hamburg, Cuxhaven, Bremerhaven, and Geestemünde. is carried on through the various ports of the Baltic and North Seas, through many navigable rivers and canals, and an extensive network of roads, This railways, telegraphs, and telephones. There are 92 chambers and corporations of commerce in the large towns of the Kingdom. The most important commercial towns are Berlin, Königsberg, Danzig, Stettin, Posen, Breslau, Magdeburg, Altona, Hanover, Frankfort-on-Main, Cologne, Elberfeld, and Barmen. There are no separate statistics for the trade of Prussia; it is included in that of Germany. Internal Communications. The railway system of Prussia is extensive and complete. On May 1, 1904, the length of the system open for traffic was as follows: Owned or administered by the State, 20,715 miles; owned and administered by private companies, 1,194 miles; total, 21,909 miles. There were, besides, 142 miles of narrow gauge railway belonging to the State, and 228 miles belonging to private persons. The whole of the railways of Prussia will in time become national property. As will be seen from the budget statement, a very large revenue is derived by the State from the railways. References concerning Prussia. Centralblatt für die gesammte Unterrichts-Verwaltung in Preussen. Herausgegeben in dem Ministerium der geistlichen, Unterrichts und Medicinal-Angelegenheiten. Ergänzungsheft Statistische Mittheilungen über das höhere Unterrichtswesen im Königreich Preusser. Berlin, 8°. Die endgültigen Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 1. Dezember 1900 im Königreiche Preussen. Berlin. Handbuch über den Königl. Preussischen Hof und Staat. 8. Berlin. Preussische Statistik. Herausgegeben vom Königl. Statist. Bureau. Folio. Berlin. Report on Prussian Railways, No. 574, Miscellaneous Series of Foreign Office Reports. London, 1902. Statistisches Handbuch für den Preussischen Staat. Berlin. Zeitschrift des Königl. Preussischen Statistischen Bureaus. 4. Berlin. ed. London, 1903.-Berlin and its Environs. London, 1903. Buiset (G.), L'État et les Églises en Prusse sous Frédéric Guillaume I. Paris, 1897. 15th 8. Jena, 1893. Hue de Grais, Handbuch der Verfassung und Verwaltung in Preussen und den deutschen Reiche. Berlin. Jansen (K.) and Samwer (K.), Schleswig-Holsteins Befreiung, Wiesbaden, 1897. Pollard (J.), A Study of Municipal Government. The Corporation of Berlin. 2 ed. London, 1894. Prutz (H.), Preussische Geschichte. Vols. I. and II. Berlin, 1899. Robinson (J. H.), Constitution of Prussia. [Trans. of Text, with Notes.] Philadelphia, 1898. Ward (A. W.), Great Britain and Hanover. [Lectures.] London, 1899. REUSS, Elder Branch. (FÜRSTENTHUM REUSS-A ELTERE LINIE.) The reigning Prince is Heinrich XXIV., born March 20, 1878; succeeded his father Heinrich XXII., who died April 19, 1902. Sisters of the reigning prince are Emma, born Jan. 17, 1881; Marie, born March 26, 1882; Hermine, born Dec. 17, 1887; Ida, born Sept.. 4, 1891. The Regent of the Principality is Prince Heinrich XIV. of Reuss-Gera, who on accepting the office transferred his authority to his son, Heinrich XXVII. The princely family of Reuss traces its descent to the old prefects of |