Postmaster-General, November, 1900; President of the Board of Education, August, 1902; Lord President of the Council, October, 1903.

3. Lord High Chancellor.-Right Hon. the Earl of Halsbury, born 1825 ; educated at Merton College, Oxford; called to the Bar (Inner Temple), 1850; Solicitor-General, 1875; M.P. for Launceston, 1877; Lord Chancellor, November, 1885, to February, 1886, and again, August, 1886 to August, 1892. Present appointment, June 25, 1895.

4. Lord Privy Seal.-Right Hon. the Marquis of Salisbury, born 1861; succeeded to the peerage, 1903; was educated at Eton and Oxford; M.P. for the Darwen Division of N.W. Lancashire, 1885-92, and for Rochester, 18931903; Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1900; present appointment, October, 1903.

5. Lord Chancellor of Ireland.—Right Hon. Lord Ashbourne, born 1837 ; educated at Trinity College, Dublin; called to the Irish Bar, 1860; M.P. for Dublin University, 1875; Attorney-General for Ireland, 1877; Lord Chancellor of Ireland, June, 1885, to February, 1886, and again, August, 1886, to August, 1892. Present appointment, June 28, 1895.

6. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.-Right Hon. the Marquis of Lansdowne, born 1845; succeeded to title, 1866; educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford; a Lord of the Admiralty, 1868; Under-Secretary for War, 1872; Under-Secretary for India, May to July, 1880; Governor-General of Canada, 1883-1888; Governor-General of India, 1888-1893; Secretary for War, June, 1895, to November, 1900. Present appointment, November, 1900.

7. Secretary of State for India.-Right Hon. W. St. J. F. Brodrick, born 1856; educated at Eton and Oxford; M.P. for West Surrey, 1880-85, and for South-West Surrey since 1885; Financial Secretary to the War Office, 1886-92; Under-Secretary of State for War, 1895-98; Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1898-1900; Secretary of State for War, November, 1900. Present appointment, October 4, 1903.

8. Secretary of State for the Home Department.-Right Hon. A. AkersDouglas, born 1851; educated at Eton and University College, Oxford; called to the Bar (Inner Temple), 1874; M.P. for East Kent, 1880 to 1885; and for the St. Augustine's division of Kent since 1885; Patronage Secretary to the Treasury, 1885-1886, and again, 1886-1892; First Commissioner of Works, 1895. Present appointment, August, 1902.

9. Chancellor of the Exchequer.-Right Hon. Joseph Austen Chamberlain, born 1863; educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge; M.P. for East Worcestershire since 1892; Civil Lord of the Admiralty, 1895; Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 1900; Postmaster-General, August, 1902; present appointment, October, 1903.

10. Secretary of State for the Colonies.-Right Hon. Alfred Lyttelton, born 1856; educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge; called to the Bar, 1881; Recorder of Hereford, 1893, and of Oxford, 1894; M.P. for Warwick and Leamington since 1895; Chairman of the Transvaal Concessions Committee, 1900; present appointment, October 4, 1903.

11. Secretary of State for War.-Right Hon. H. O. Arnold-Forster, born 1855; educated at Rugby and University College, Oxford; called to the Bar, 1879; Member for West Belfast since 1895; Secretary to the Admiralty,

1900; South Africa Land Settlement Commissioner, 1901; present appointment, October, 1903.

12. First Lord of the Admiralty.-Right Hon. the Earl of Selborne, born 1859; educated at Oxford; M. P. for East Hants 1885-92, and for West Edinburgh, 1892-95; succeeded to the peerage, 1895; Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1895-1900. Present appointment, November,

1900.

13. President of the Local Government Board.-Right Hon. W. H. Long, born 1854; educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford; M. P. for North Wilts, 1880; and for the Devizes division, 1885; Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board, 1886-1892; M.P. for West Derby division of Liverpool, 1893; President of the Board of Agriculture, 18951900. Present appointment, November, 1900.

14. President of the Board of Trade.-Right Hon. Gerald Balfour, born 1853; educated at Eton and Cambridge; Chief Secretary to the LordLieutenant of Ireland, 1895-1900; M. P. for Leeds since 1885. Present appointment, November, 1900.

15. Chief Secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.-Right Hon. George Wyndham, born 1863; educated at Eton; lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards, 1883-1885; M. P. for Dover since 1889; Under-Secretary for War, 1898; Chief Secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1900; entered the Cabinet, August, 1902.

16. Secretary for Scotland.-Right Hon. Andrew Graham Murray, born 1849; educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge; called to the Scotch Bar, 1874; Sheriff of Perthshire, 1890; M.P. for Bute, 1891; Solicitor-General for Scotland, 1891-92, and 1895-96; Lord Advocate 1896; present appointment, October, 1903.

17. President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries.-Right Hon. the Earl of Onslow, born 1853; succeeded to the peerage, 1870; Lord-in-Waiting, 1880 and 1886; Under Seeretary for the Colonies, 1887; Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, 1888; Governor of New Zealand, 1889; Under-Secretary for India, 1895; Under-Secretary for the Colonies, 1900; present appointment, May, 1903.

18. Postmaster-General.-Right Hon. Lord Stanley, elder son of the Earl of Derby, born 1865; served in the Grenadier Guards, 1885-95; Aide-deCamp to his father in Canada, 1888-90; M.P. for the West Houghton Division of Lancashire since 1892; a Lord of the Treasury, 1895; Press Censor and afterwards Secretary to Lord Roberts in South Africa; Financial Secretary to the War Office, 1900; present appointment, October, 1903.

Not in the Cabinet are:

The Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.-Right Hon. the Earl of Dudley.
The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.-Right Hon. Sir W. H.
Walrond, Bart.

Attorney-General.-Sir R. B. Finlay, K. C.
Solicitor-General.-Sir E. H. Carson, K.C.
Lord Advocate.-C. S. Dickson, K. C.

Solicitor-General for Scotland.-D. Dundas, K.C.

Attorney-General for Ireland.-J. Atkinson, K.C.

Solicitor-General for Ireland.-J. H. M. Campbell, K.C.

The following is a list of the heads of the Administrations of Great Britain since 1841:

England and Wales.-In each county the Crown is represented by a Lord-Lieutenant, who is generally also custos rotulorum, or keeper of the records. He usually nominates persons whom he considers fit and proper persons to be justices of the peace for his county, to be appointed by the Lord Chancellor. His duties however are almost nominal. There is also a sheriff, who represents the executive of the Crown, an under-sheriff, a clerk of the peace, coroners, who are appointed and paid by the County Councils. and other officers. The licensing of persons to sell intoxicating liquors, and the administration of the criminal law-except that which deals with some of the graver offences-is in the hands of the magistrates. For the purposes of local government England and Wales are divided into sixty-two administrative counties, including the county of London, which differ in area from the geographical counties.

For each administrative county there is a popularly-elected Council, called a County Council, who co-opt a prescribed number of aldermen, either from their own body or from outside it. Aldermen are elected for six years, half of them retiring every third year. A councillor is elected for three years. The jurisdiction of the County Councils extends to the making of county and police rates; borrowing of money; supervision of county treasurer; management of county halls and other buildings; licensing of houses for music and dancing, and of racecourses; maintenance and management of pauper lunatic asylums; maintenance of reformatory and industrial schools; management of bridges and main roads; regulation of fees of inspectors, analysts, and other officers; control of officers paid out of the county rate; coroner's salary, fees, and district; Parliamentary polling districts and registration; contagious diseases of animals. Under Acts of 1902 and 1903 the County Councils are or will be the local education authorities, and other recent acts have in minor matters extended their jurisdiction. The control of the county police is vested in a standing joint committee composed of an equal number of magistrates and members of the County Council. The London police are however under the control of the Home Secretary.

The administrative counties, with the exception of the County of London, are subdivided into County Districts' which are either Urban' or Rural, as the case may be. Generally speaking, an urban district comprises a town

or a small area more or less closely populated, and a rural district takes in several country parishes. Women may be elected to District Councils, but may not sit on County Councils; and the chairman of a District Council is, unless a woman, a magistrate for the county by virtue of his office. The District Councils administer the Public Health and Highway Acts, and also exercise some powers formerly exercised by the justices out of session.

In every civil parish in a 'rural district' there is a Parish Meeting, at which every parochial elector may attend and vote. In such parishes of over 300 inhabitants there is in addition a Parish Council. To these latter bodies has been transferred all the civil powers of the old Vestries, including the election of overseers, and in addition very considerable powers over charities, allotments, and other public matters. Where there is no Parish Council some of these powers, including the appointment of the overseers, are exercised by the Parish Meeting. Urban District Councils can, by petitioning the Local Government Board-which is the supreme Local Government authority-obtain part or all of the powers of a Parish Council. Only Parish Meetings may have power to adopt the Public Libraries Acts, the Baths and Washhouses Acts, the Lighting and Watching Acts, the Burials Acts, and the Public Improvements Acts.

Under the London Government Act, 1899, the whole of the administrative County of London, exclusive of the City, has been divided into boroughs, 28 in number, each with a mayor, aldermen, and councillors. The first election was held on November 1, 1900, and the borough councils have, with some additions and some limitations, taken over the powers and duties, property and liabilities of the vestries which ceased to exist on the day of the first meeting of the new councils.

In all the great towns, including the county boroughs, local business is administered by a municipal Corporation, which derives its authority from a charter granted by the Crown. In 1835 the municipalities of the country were completely reorganised. A municipal Corporation consists of the mayor, aldermen, and burgesses, and acts through a Council elected by the burgesses -practically by the ratepayers. The councillors serve for three years, onethird retiring annually; the aldermen are elected by the Council, and the mayor, who serves for one year, also by the Council. A municipal Corporation has practically all the powers of an urban district council, in addition to the privilege of electing a mayor and corporation, and in some cases municipal boroughs have a separate commission of the peace and maintain their own police force. As to Poor Law and School Board administration, see 'Pauperism'

and Instruction.'

Scotland.-By the Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1894, a Local Government Board for Scotland was constituted. It consists of the Secretary for Scotland as President, the Solicitor General of Scotland, the Under Secretary for Scotland, and other three members nominated by the Crown. The Local Government Act which was passed for Scotland in 1889 followed in its main outlines the English Act of the previous year. The powers of local administration in counties formerly exercised by the Commissioners of Supply and Road Trustees were either wholly or in part transferred to the new Councils, which took over their duties and responsibilities in 1890. The Act of 1894 provided that a Parish Council should be established in every parish to take the place of the Parochial Boards and to exercise powers similar to those of the Parish Councils in England. Municipal bodies exist in the towns of Scotland, as in those of England, but instead of their magistrates being called aldermen, they are called bailies, and instead of their chief magistrates being called mayors they are called provosts. There are in Scotland five kinds of burghs— (1) Burghs of barony; (2) Burghs of regality (no practical distinction between

these two); the councils of these two classes of burghs ceased to exist in 1893 by statutory enactment; (3) Royal Burghs, representatives of which meet together annually in a collective corporate character, as the 'Convention of Royal Burghs,' for the transaction of business; (4) Parliamentary Burghs, which possess statutory constitutions almost identical with those of the Royal Burghs; (5) Police Burghs, constituted under the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892, in which the local authority are the Police Commissioners. These two latter burghs, by Acts passed in 1879 and 1895, are enabled to send representatives to the convention.

Ireland. The principal county authority for local government has hither to been the grand jury, appointed under the Act 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 116; but, by the Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, provision was made for the esta blishment of popularly elected councils for counties and districts. The councillors are elected for three years, and the first council in each county and district may choose additional members to hold office till the next triennial election. The councils have taken over the administrative business formerly managed by the grand juries and presentment sessions, especially the business relating to poor rates, roads, asylums, hospitals, and public health, while the appointment of coroners is also made over to them. The cities of Dublin, Belfast, Cork, Limerick, Londonderry, and Waterford, which already possessed representative councils, are made county boroughs, and are exempt from some of the special provisions of the Act. Urban sanitary authorities have become urban district councils, and for rural polling districts district councils have been created, the councillors, urban and rural, being the guardians in their districts. The towns are partly corporate and partly governed by Commissioners. Certain boroughs have a mayor, aldermen, and councillors, whose powers are regulated by 3 & 4 Vict. c. 108. The ordinary affairs of the borough, such as lighting, watching, and cleansing, are administered by the Council, which has power to levy rates for these purposes. In such towns as have no charter of incorporation, the local affairs are administered by a body of Commissioners, who have powers generally to discharge the usual municipal functions, and are empowered to levy rates to defray the cost of administration. Such towns, having over 1,500 inhabitants, may be constituted urban sanitary districts.

The

The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands are not bound by Acts of the Imperial Parliament unless specially mentioned. The Isle of Man is administered in accordance with its own laws by the Court of Tynwald, consisting of the Governor, appointed by the Crown; the Council for Public Affairs, composed chiefly of ecclesiastical and judicial dignitaries appointed by the Crown; and the House of Keys, a representative assembly of 24 members chosen on a property qualification for 7 years by the 6 'sheadings' or local subdivisions, and the 4 municipalities. The Channel Islands are administered according to their own laws and customs. Jersey has a separate legal existence; it is administered by a Lieutenant-Governor appointed by the Crown, and a Bailiff also appointed by the Crown. Bailiff presides in the States, which consist of 12 Jurats elected by the ratepayers for life, 12 rectors of parishes, 12 constables or mayors of parishes, and 14 deputies; the constables and deputies being elected for 3 years. The Lieutenant-Governor has a veto on legislation. He and 2 Crown officers may address the States but not vote. The Royal Court consists of a tribunal of first instance and an appeal court. Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark have a Lieutenant-Governor in common, but otherwise their governments are separate. The States for deliberation and legislation consist of a Bailiff, 12 Jurats, 8 rectors and 15 deputies. The sheriff and jurats are chosen by indirect election.