of 16d. the rupee. These proposals were referred by the Secretary of State for India to a committee in London. The committee recommended that sovereigns should be declared legal tender in India, and the Indian mints opened to the free coinage of gold. The proposals of the committee were adopted by the Government of India, who, by an Act (XXII. of 1899) passed on 15th of September, declared the sovereign legal tender. On July 16, 1861, an Act was passed by the Government of India providing for the issue of a paper currency through a Government department of Public Issue, by means of promissory notes. Circles of issue were established from time to time, as found necessary, and the notes were made legal tender within the circle for which they were issued, and rendered payable at the place of issue, and also at the capital city of the Presidency. By an Act passed March 13, 1903, a currency note for Rs. 5 issued from any town in British India, except Burma, was made legal tender throughout British India, except Burma. Similarly, five-rupee notes issued from any town in Burma were declared legal tender throughout Burma. There are now eight circles of issue, each of which gives in exchange for money notes ranging from 5 rupees to 10,000 rupees in value. In the year ending March 31, 1863, the total value of notes in circulation was 4,92,60,000 rupees. The following were the total values of notes in circulation on March 31 in each year, from 1899 to 1904 :- Rs. 1899 1900 1901 Rs. Nearly two-thirds of the total note circulation is in the currency circles of Calcutta and Bombay. The following are the statistics of the Post Office Savings banks in India for the five years (1898-99 to 1902-1903): No. of Balance at No. of Balance at Total Balance at accounts end of Year accounts end of Year Depositors end of Year The money, weights, and measures of India, and the British equivalents, are as follows: The rupee weighs one tola (a tola = 180 grains) 916 fine. The sum of 1,00,000 rupees is called a 'lac,' and of 1,00,00,000 a 'crore,' of rupees. An Act to provide for the ultimate adoption of a uniform system of weights and measures of capacity throughout British India was passed by the Governor-General of India in Council in 1871. The Act orders: Art 2. The primary standard of weight shall be called a ser, and shall be a weight of metal in the possession of the Government of India, equal, when weighed in a vacuum, to the weight known in France as the kilogramme, = 2.205 lbs. avoirdupois.' Art. 3. The units of weight and measures of capacity shall be, for weights, the said ser; for measures of capacity, a measure containing one such ser of water at its maximum density, weighed in a vacuum. 'Unless it be otherwise ordered, the subdivisions of all such weights and measures of capacity shall be expressed in decimal parts.' This Act, however, has never been brought into operation. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning India. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Administration: Reports on the various provinces. Annual.-Judicial and Administrative Statistics. Annual. Calcutta. Agricultural Statistics of British India. Annual. Calcutta. Army Indian Army List. Quarterly.-Wars on or beyond the borders of British India since 1849. London, 1901. Famines: Reports of Famine Commissions, 1885, 1887, and 1898.-Relief Operations, 1899-1900. Vol. I., British Districts; Vol. II., Native States.-Advances to Agriculturists at end of Famine. London, 1901. Finance: Accounts and Estimates, Explanatory Memorandum. Annual.-Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure. Annual.-Financial Statement of the Government of India with discussion in the Legislative Council. Annual.-Home Accounts. Annual.-Income and Expenditure under specified heads. Annual-Report of Royal Commission on the Administration of the Expenditure of India. 4 vols. London, 1901.-Financial and Commercial Statistics of British India. Annual. Calcutta. Report of the Currency Committee of 1899. Calcutta, 1899. Annual. Gazetteers: The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Edited by Sir W. Hunter. 14 vols. London, 1886-87.-Provincial and District Gazetteers. India List and India Office List. Annual. Judicial: Judicial and Administrative Reports. General Acts of the Governor-General of India in Council. 6 vols. Mining: Report on the Inspection of Mines in India. Annual. Population: Report on the Census of British India, 1901. General Report on the Census of India, 1901. London, 1904. Calcutta.-Unrepealed Proceedings, &c., 1859-98, List of in Record Department, India Office. London, 1900. Railways: Report on Railways. Annual. London. Sanitary Condition: Report on Sanitary Measures. Commission. 3 vols. of evidence, 1898-99. London, 1900. Annual. Surveys: Reports of the Trigonometrical Surveys of India up to 1897. London.-Plague Trade. Annual Statement of the Trade of British India with Foreign Countries, &c. Calcutta. Review of the Trade of India for five years. Annual. London. Treaties: Collection of Treaties, &c., relating to India. Edited by Sir C. U. Aitchison. 11 vols. Calcutta, 1892. General Statistics: Statistical Abstract for British India. Annual.-Statistical Atlas of India. Calcutta, 1895.-Statistical Abstract for the Colonies, &c. Annual. London. Statistical Account of Bengal, by Sir W. W. Hunter. 20 vols. 1877.-Statistical Account of Assam. 2 vols. London, 1879. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Adams (A.), The Western Rajputana States. London, 1899. Adye (Sir J.), Indian Frontier Policy. Historical Sketch. London, 1897. Aubin, Les Anglais aux Indes et en Egypt. Paris, 1899. Baden-Powell (B. H.), Land Systems of British India. 3 vols. Oxford, 1892. A Short Account of the Land Revenue and its Administration in British India. 8. Oxford, 1894.— The Indian Village Community. London, 1899. Balfour (Lady Betty), History of Lord Lytton's Indian Administration, 1876-80. London, 1899. Balfour (Edward), The Cyclopædia of India. 3 vols. London, 1885. Bird (G. W.), Wanderings in Burma. London, 1897. Birdwood (Sir G.), The Industrial Arts of India. London, 1887. Bonarjee (P. D.), Handbook of the Fighting Races of India. London, 1901. Boulger (D. C.), India in the 19th Century. London, 1901. Bose (P. N.), History of Hindu Civilisation during British Rule. 4 vols. London. 1896. [In Progress.] Braddon (Sir E. N. C.), Thirty Years of Shikar. London, 1895. Chesney (General Sir G.), Indian Polity: a View of the System of Administration in India. 3rd ed. London, 1894. Chevrillon (A.), Romantic India. [Eng. Trans.] London, 1897. Chirol (V.), The Middle Eastern Question. London, 1903. Cotton (Sir H. J. S.), New India, or India in Transition. 2d. ed. London, 1904. Crooke (W.), The Tribes and Castes of the North-West Provinces and Oudh. 4 vols. Calcutta, 1896. The Popular Religion and Folk-Lore of Northern India. 2 vols. London, 1897. The North-West Provinces of India, their History, Ethnology, and Administration. London, 1897. Cumming (E. D.), With the Jungle Folk. Burmese Village Life. London, 1897. Dilke (Sir Charles Wentworth, Bart., M.P.), Greater Britain: a Record of Travel in Oxford, 1897. Duff (Grant), The History of the Mahrattas. London, 1826. 2 vols. Dutt (R. C.), Economic History of British India. London, 1902.-Open Letters on Famines and Land Assessments in India. London, 1900.-India in the Victorian Age. London, 1904. Eckenstein (O.), The Karakorum and Kashmir. London, 1896. Elliot (Sir H.M.), History of India as told by its own Historians. The Mussulinan period. 8 vols. London, 1869-77. Elphinstone (M.), History of India. London, 1866. Ferrars (Max and Bertha), Burma, London, 1898. Fontpertuis (Ad. Frout de), L'Inde britannique. S. Paris, 1878. Forrest (G. W.), History of the Indian Mutiny. 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1904. Frazer (R. W.), British India in 'Story of the Nations' series. London, 1897. Gehring (H.), Süd-Indien: Land und Volk der Tamulen. Gütersloh. 1899. Gough (Sir C.), and Innes (A. D.), The Sikhs and the Sikhs' War. London, Griffin (Sir Lepel H.), The Rajas of the Punjab, being the History of the principal States in the Punjab. 2nd edit. 8. London, 1872. Hall (H. F.), The Soul of a People. [Buddhism in Burma.] London, 1902. Holdich (Sir T. H.), The Indian Borderland. London, 1901.-India. In Regions of the World Series. Oxford and London, 1904. Holmes (T R.), History of the Indian Mutiny. 5th ed. London. Hunter (Sir W. W.), The Indian Empire, its History, People, and Products. New edit. London, 1893.-Life of the Earl of Mayo. London, 1876.-Annals of Rural Bengal. London, 1897. (Editor) Rulers of India Series. London, 1890-99.-History of British India. Vol. I. and II. London, 1899-1901.-Brief History of the Indian Peoples. New ed. London, 1903. Hutchinson (H. D.), The Campaign in Tirah, 1897-98. London, 1898. Innes (Mcl.), The Sepoy Revolt. London, 1897. Jacolliot (L.), Lois, prêtres, et castes dans l'Inde. 8. Paris, 1877. Johnston (Sir J.), My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills. London, 1896. Kaye (Sir J. W.), The Administration of the East India Company: a History of Indian Progress. 8. London, 1853. And Malleson (Col. G. B.). History of the Indian Mutiny, 1857-58. New ed. 6 vols. London, 1897. Keane (A. H.), Asia. London, 1895. Keene (H. G.), History of India. 2 vols. London, 1893. Latif (S. M.), History of the Punjab. London, 1896. Lawrence (W. R.), The Vale of Kashinir. Oxford, 1895. Lee-Warner (W.), The Protected Princes of India. London, 1894. Letters received by the East India Company from its Servants in the East. Vols. 1.-V1. London, 1896-1902. Lilly (W. S.), India and its Problems. London, 1902. Low (Charles Rathbone), The History of the Indian Navy. 2 vols. 8. London, 1878. Lethbridge (Sir R.), The Golden Book of India. 8. London, 1893. Lyall (Sir A.), The Rise of British Dominion in India. London, 1893. Mahon (Lord), Rise of our Indian Empire. 8. London, 1858. Marshman (John Clarke), The History of India, from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration. 3 vols. 8. London, 1867-70. Métin (A.) Colonies et Dépendances de l'Angleterre (1815-47); L'Empire Colonial Anglais (1848-70), Colonies et Dependances du Royaume-Uni depuis 1870. Vols. X., XI. and XII. of 'Histoire Generale. Paris, 1899-1900.-L'Inde d'aujourd'hui. Paris, 1903. Morison (Theodore), Imperial Rule in India. London, 1899. Murray's Handbook for Travellers in India, Ceylon, and Burma. London, 1901.-Imperial Guide to India. London, 1904. Neve (A.), Picturesque Kashmir. Edinburgh, 1900. Nisbet (J.), Burmah under British Rule-and Before. London, 1901. Connor (V. C. 8.), The Silken East (Burma). 2 vols. London, 1904. Oman (J. C.), The Mystics, Ascetics, and Saints of India. London, 1903. Padfield (J. E.), The Hindu at Home. 8. London, 1896. 4th Edition. Penny (F.), The Church in Madras. (XVII. and XVIII. centuries). London, 1904. Phayre (Sir Arthur), History of Burma. London, 1883. Probyn (L. C.), Indian Coinage and Currency. London, 1897. Rait (R. S.), Life and Campaigns of Hugh, first Viscount Gough. London, 1903. Reclus (Elisée), Géographie universelle. L'Inde et l'Indo-Chine. Paris, 1883. Rigby (G. C.), History of the Operations in Northern Arakan and the Yawdwin Chin Hills, 1896-97. Rangoon, 1897. Roberts (Field Marshal Lord), Forty-one Years in India, from Subaltern to Commanderin-chief. London, 1897. Robertson (Sir G. C. S.), The Kafirs of the Hindu-Kush. London, 1896.-Chitral: The Story of a Minor Siege. London, 1898. Rousselet (L.), India and its Native Princes. 4. London, 1876. Sherring (Rev. M.A.), History of Protestant Missions in India. 8. 2nd edit. London, 1884. Smith (Dr. G.), Short History of Christian Missions. Edinburgh, 1886. The Geography of British India, Political and Physical. London, 1882. The Conversion of India (A.D. 193-1893). 8. London, 1894. Twelve Indian Statesmen. 2nd ed. London, 1898. Smith (R. Bosworth), The Life of Lord Lawrence. London, 1883. Smith (V. A.), Asoka, the Buddhist Emperor. In "Rulers of India" Series. London, 1901. Steevens (G. W.), In India. London, 1899. Stokes (Whitley), The Indian Codes. London, 1888-91. Strachey (Sir John), India: Its Administration and Progress. 3rd ed. London, 1903. Temple (Sir R.), Men and Events of my Time in India. London, 1882. Thornton (T. H.), General Sir Richard Meade and the Feudatory States of Central and Southern India. London, 1898. Todd (Col. J.), The Antiquities of Rajasthan. London, 1823. Townsend (M.), Asia and Europe. London, 1901. Townsend (M.), and Smith (G.), Annals of Indian Administration, 1856-75. 19 vols. Serampore and Calcutta. Tupper (C. L.), Our Indian Empire. 8. London, 1893. Waddell (L. A.), Among the Himalayas. London, 1900. Warburton (Sir R.), Eighteen Years in the Khyber (1879-98). London, 1900. Watson (J. Forbes), and Kaye (Jn. Wm.), The People of India: a Series of Photographic Illustrations, with descriptive letterpress, of the Races and Tribes of Hindustan. 4 vols. Imp. 4. London, 1866-70. Webber (T. W.), The Forests of Upper India and their Inhabitants. London, 1902. Wheeler (J. Talboys), The History of India from the Earliest Ages. 4 vols. 1874-76. A Short History of India. London, 1880. S. London, Wilkins (W. J.), Modern Hinduisms (in Northern India). London, 1900. Williams (Sir Monier), Modern India and the Indians. 8. London, 1879. Williams (Sir Monier), Religious Thought and Life in India. London, 1883. Wilson (H. M.), Irrigation in India. 2d. ed. Washington, D. C. 1903. Workman (Fanny B. and W. H.), In the Ice-World of the Himalayas. London, 1901.Through Town and Jungle. London, 1904. Yoe (Shway), The Burman, his Life and Notions. 2nd ed. London, 1896. BALUCHISTÁN. A country occupying the extreme western corner of the Indian Empire, approximately between lat. 24° 54′ and 32° 4′ N., and between long. 60° 54′ and 70° 15′ E.; extreme length from E. to W. about 550 miles; breadth about 450; area, 131,855 square miles; population (1901), 914,551. Bounded on the N. by Afghánistán and the North-West Frontier Province, on the E. by Sindh and the Panjáb, on the S. by the Arabian Sea, on the W. by Persia. The main divisions are: (1) British and administered territory in the northeastern corner of the Province; (2) the native States of Kalát and Las Bela, the former consisting of a confederation of tribes under the Khán of Kalát, and stretching westwards to Persia, while the latter occupies the alluvial valley between the Pab and Hálá ranges from the sea to Bela; (3) tribal areas occupied by the Marri and Bugti tribes, semi-independent, but subject to the control of the Political Agent in Sibi. In 1. British Territory.—British residents were appointed to the courts of the Kháns of Kalát from the middle of the nineteenth century, and British expeditions passed through the Bolán on their way to Kandahar and Afghánistán, but up to 1876 the country was considered independent. In 1876 Sir Robert Sandeman, the founder of the Balúchistán Province, first entered the country; in that year the cantonment of Quetta, which is now the head-quarters of the Administration, was occupied by British troops, and in 1879 the administration of the district was taken over on behalf of the Khan of Kalát. After the Afghán war, 1878-81, the districts of Pishín, Thal, Duki, Sibi, and Shahrig were assigned to the British and in November, 1887, were formally constituted as British Balúchistán. 1882-3, the districts of Quetta and Bolán were made over by the Khán to the British on a quit-rent of 25,000 rupees and 30,000 rupees respectively. In 1886, the Bori valley, in which is now the cantonment of Loralai, was occupied. In 1888-89, the Khetrán country, now known as the Bárkhán tahsil, was brought under British control; in 1889 British authority was established in the Zhob valley and Kákar Khurásán; in 1896 Chágai and Western Sinjerani were included in British territory; in 1899, the Nuskhi Niabat was made over by the Khan of Kalát on an annual quit-rent of 9,000 rupees; and in 1903 the Nasirábád tahsil was acquired from the Khán on an annual quit-rent of 117,500 rupees. The area of British and administered territory is 46,692 square miles, and the population about 349,187. The head of the civil administration is the Agent to the Governor-General. The area is divided into 6 administrative districts or political agencies, as follows: Quetta-Pishín, Sibi, Loralai, Zhob, Bolán Pass, Chágai. The Political Agent in charge of the Bolán Pass district is also Political Agent in Kalát, and holds charge of the Las Bela State. There is a Commissioner who superintends the collection of the revenue and exercises the powers of a High Court. There is also a staff of assistant political agents, and of extra-assistant commissioners, Native and European. In the directly administered territory the chief items of revenue are: Land revenue, excise, court fees and stamps, and judicial fines, &c. In some places the land revenue is levied in money in accordance with a fixed assessment, but generally it is levied in kind. This is usually one-sixth of the crop; but in the Sibi tahsil it is two-ninths, and on the lands of the Shebo and Khushdil irrigation canals, constructed by the Government, the proportion is one-third. In Nasirábád the lands watered by the Sind Canals pay 2 Rs. 0 a. 6 p. to 2 Rs. 8 a. 6 p. per acre. For revenue purposes each district is divided into tahsils, each of which is in charge of a native official known as a tahsildar, who has a naib-tahsildar, kanungos and patwaris |