Of the total population in 1900, 2,102,770 or 50 04 per cent., live in towns and the remainder, 49 96 per cent., in rural communes. The conjugal condition of the population was as follows in 1900:

The division of the population according to occupation is shown under the German Empire. Besides the German population, Saxony contains (1900) 47,009 Wends, most of them in the district of Bautzen. In 1900 there were 133,175 foreigners (exclusive of Germans belonging to other German States). The movement of the population is shown in the following table :

In 1902 the still-births were 34 per cent., and the illegitimate births 12.7 per cent. of the total number of births.

The population of the principal towns, according to the recent census of 1900, is:

·

1 With 13 communes incorporated 1901 to 1903.

2 With a commune incorporated in 1903.

3 With a commune incorporated in 1902.

4.The rural commune of Cölln (11,310) was united on January 1, 1901, with the urban Comune of Meissen (20,124).

Religion.

Although the royal family is of the Roman Catholic confession, the vast majority of the inhabitants of Saxony are Protestants. The distribution of the different creeds was as follows in 1895:-Lutherans, 3,954, 132, or 94 10 per cent.; Roman Catholics, 197,005, or 4 69 per cent.; Reformists, 16,080 other Christians, 22,214; Jews, 12,416; unclassified, 369. The heads of the Lutheran Church are the ministers in evangelicis.' The chief governing body is the Landes-Consistorium' or National Consistory at Dresden; and it also has a representative Synod (Synode) with 35 clerical and 42 lay members (1901). Ecclesiastically the Kingdom was divided into 1,046 Lutheran parishes and 41 Roman-Catholic parishes December 31, 1902.

Instruction.

On May

The Kingdom is divided into 31 school-inspection districts. 1, 1903, there were in Saxony 2,365 public Protestant and 48 Roman Catholic common schools (Volksschulen), 66 private and chapter schools, and 1,967 advanced common schools (Fortbildungsschulen), or altogether 4,446 common schools, with a total attendance of 828,461. In addition there were 1 polytechnic at Dresden (winter term, 1903-04, 1,042 students), 1 mining academy at Freiberg (434 students), 1 forestry academy at Tharandt (43 students), and i veterinary high school at Dresden (159 students); further, 19 Gymnasia, 11 Realgymnasia, 36 'Realschulen,' 22 seminaries, and 4 higher girls' schools (1903)-altogether 92 educational establishments, with a total attendance of 28,194, exclusive of the University and a large number of industrial, commercial, agricultural, musical, and art institutes.

The University of Leipzig, founded in 1409, and attended in the winter of 1903-1904 by 3,772 students, is one of the largest in Germany.

Justice, Crime, and Pauperism.

Saxony has one 'Oberlandesgericht,' at Dresden, 7 Landgerichte', and 108 'Amtsgerichte.' The Reichsgericht' has its seat at Leipzig. In 1902, 35,067 persons were convicted of crime.

Recent statistics of pauperism are not available.

Finance.

The financial period extends over a term of two years. In the financial accounts, both the revenue and expenditure are divided into ordinary and 'extraordinary,' the latter representing disbursements for public works. The budget for each of the two years 1904-05 estimated the receipts from State property and taxes at 272,413,806 marks, and the cost of working and of collection at 167,049,131 marks, the surplus being 105,364,675 marks. Other receipts were estimated at 61,431,625 marks, and expenditure at 166,796,300 marks, so that the ordinary revenue and expenditure balanced at 333,845,431 marks. There was also for the two years 1904-05 an extraordinary revenue and expenditure of 40,119,275 marks. More than onehalf of the total revenue is derived from domains, forests, and State railways. The net revenue from railways alone amounted in 1903 to 43,659,908 marks. The chief branch of expenditure is that of interest and sinking fund of the public debt, amounting to 41,302,862 marks for each of the years 1904 and 1905.

The public debt amounted at the beginning of the year 1903 to 961,829,300 marks. The debt was incurred almost entirely for the establish

ment and purchase of a network of railways and telegraphs, and the promotion of other works of public utility. The total capital invested in State railways at the end of 1903 was 1,052,433,379 marks.

The total income of all classes of the population was estimated in 1903 at 2,326,412,852 marks.

Production and Industry.

Saxony is, in proportion to its size, the busiest industrial State in the Empire, rivalled only by the leading industrial provinces of Prussia. Textile manufactures form the leading branch of industry, but mining and metalworking are also important.

In 1900, of the total area, 1,027,995 hectares were under cultivation, viz. :843,759 hectares (8208 per cent.) arable; 175,396 hectares (17.06 per cent.) meadow; 8,461 hectares (0.82 per cent.) pasture; 379 hectares (0.04 per cent.) vineyard; besides 384,540 hectares under wood, of which 172,141 belonged to the State. The number of separate farms on June 5, 1882, and on June 14, 1895, was as follows:

In 1895 their total area was 1,344,824 hectares. They supported a population of 517,642, of whom 271,977 were actively engaged in agriculture. The areas (in hectares) under the chief crops, and the yield per hectare (2.47 acres) in metric tons (of 2,204 lbs.) at the undernoted dates were as follows:

On May 1, 1903, the factory hands in Saxony were returned at 568,130, of whom 376,643 were males and 191,487 females; 206,593 were engaged in the textile industry, 80,147 in the manufacture of machinery and tools, 52,108 in industries connected with stone and earth, and 36,979 in those connected with paper and leather. The total number of factories and industrial establishThe following shows the mining statistics for five

ments was 18,803. years:

In 1902 the Saxon iron-foundries produced 371,719 metric tons of finished iron, representing a value of 51,541,623 marks. In 1902-1903, 601 breweries produced 4,594,684 hectolitres of beer; and 572 distilleries consumed 120,857,200 kilogrammes of raw material in the manufacture of spirits, and produced 133,164 hectolitres of pure alcohol.

Communications.

At the end of 1903 the total length of the Saxon State Railways was 1,955 miles, 189 miles being in neighbouring territories; besides, 58 miles of railways belonged to companies but were worked by the State.

British Minister Resident.-Viscount Gough, K.C.V.O. (residing at Dresden).

British Consul-General.-Freiherr C. C. B. von Tauchnitz (Leipzig).
Consul at Dresden.-Henry Palmié.

References concerning Saxony.

Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Königreich Sachsen. Dresden. Annual.
Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Sachsen. Dresden. Since 1855.
Zeitschrift des K. Sächsischen Statist. Bureaus. Dresden.

Hassel (P.), Aus dem Leben des Königs Albert von Sachsen. 1898 and 1900.

2 vols. Berlin,

Richter (P. E.), Litteratur der Landes und Volkskunde des Konigreichs Sachsen Dresden, 1903.

SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE.

(FÜRSTENTHUM SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE.)

The reigning Prince is Georg, born October 10, 1846, son of Prince Adolph Georg; succeeded his father May 8, 1893; married, April 16, 1882, to Princess Marie Anna, of Saxe-Altenburg, born March 14, 1864.-Offspring: 1. Prince Adolf, born February 23, 1883. 2. Prince Moritz, born March 11, 1884. 3. Prince Wolrad, born April 19, 1887. 4. Prince Stephan, born June 21, 1891. 5. Prince Heinrich, born Sept. 25, 1894. Mother of the Reigning Prince :-Princess Hermine, born Sept. 29, 1827, daughter of the late Prince George Heinrich of Waldeck.-Brothers and Sister of the Reigning Prince.-1. Princess Hermine, born Oct. 5, 1845; married, Feb. 16, 1876, to Maximilian, Duke of Württemberg, who died July 28, 1888. 2. Prince Hermann, born May 19, 1848. 3. Prince Otto, born Sept. 13, 1854; married (morg.) November 28, 1893, to Anna von Köppen, created Countess von Hagenburg. 4. Prince Adolf, born July 20, 1859; married, November 19, 1890, to Princess Victoria of Prussia, daughter of the late

the surplus revenue, which is estimated for the 3 financial years 1903-05 at 503,015 marks.

The charter of the Duchy bears date August 23, 1829, and is supplemented by the laws of 1870, 1873 and 1896. It provides for a legislative organization, consisting of one Chamber of twenty-four representatives. Four of these are elected by those who pay the highest land and property tax, and four by those who pay income tax on an income of 3,000 marks or more; sixteen by all other inhabitants. The Chamber meets as often as necessary, and in any case for the arrangement of the budget every three years, and new elections take place every six.

The budget for the 3 financial years 1903-1905 states the revenue at 9,586,630 marks, and the expenditure at 9,083,615 marks; 3,141,840 marks of the revenue are drawn from State domains. The chief items of expenditure are Matrikularbeiträge (or contributions) for the Empire, the interest of the public debt, the expenses for the administration of the State domains and of the State, and the civil list for the Ducal family. The debt in 1903 amounted to 7,794,646 marks. Most of the debt is covered by productive State capital.

Of the population, 250,731 in 1900, 244,810 were Protestants; 4,170 were Catholics; 1,351 were Jews. The capital, Meiningen, had, in 1900, 14,518 inhabitants. In 1903 there were 2,086 marriages; 8,907 births; 4,651 deaths; surplus of births, 4,256. Of the births 310 (3.4 per cent.) were stillborn, and 954 (10.7 per cent.) illegitimate.

In 1904 there were within the Duchy 318 public elementary schools with 763 teachers (693 male, 70 female) and 45,651 pupils.

British Consul-General.-Freiherr Dr. Chr. K. B. von Tauchnitz (Leipzig).

Reference.

Statistik des Herzogtums Sachsen-Meiningen. Meiningen, 1882-1904.

SAXE-WEIMAR.

(GROSSHERZOGTUM SACHSEN-WEIMAR.)

The reigning Grand-duke is Wilhelm Ernst, born June 10, 1876, son of the late Prince Karl August and Princess Pauline of Saxe- Weimar; succeeded his grandfather, the late Grand-duke Karl Alexander, January 5, 1901; married, April 30, 1903, to Caroline, Princess of Reuss, who died January 17,

1905.

The family of the Grand-duke stands at the head of the Ernestine or elder line of the princely houses of Saxony, which include Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; while the younger, or Albertine line, is represented by the Kings of Saxony. In the event of the Albertine line becoming extinct, the Grand-duke of Weimar would ascend the Saxon throne. Saxe-Weimar was formed into an independent Principality in 1640. After a temporary subdivision the Principality was finally, on the death of the last duke of Eisenach in 1741, united into a compact whole under Ernest Augustus (1728-1748), who introduced the principle of primogeniture. At the Congress of Vienna a considerable increase of territory, together with the title of Grand-duke, was awarded to Duke Karl August, known as a patron of German literature.

The Grand-duke has a large private fortune, part of which he obtained in dowry with his consort, Princess Sophie of the Netherlands. He has also a civil list of 960,000 marks, or 48,000.