Money, Weights, and Measures. The gold coin is the Libra=the English sovereign. The coinage of gold 5-sol pieces (equivalent to half sovereigns) has been authorised. Silver coins are the Sol (10 soles = 1 libra), sol, sol, sol, sol. Bronze coins are 1 and 2 centavo pieces (100 centavos = 1 sol). The French metric system of weights and measures was established by law in 1860, but has not yet come into general use, except for the customs tariff. Diplomatic Representatives. 1. OF PERU IN GREAT BRITAIN. Envoy and Minister.-Don Carlos Candamo (residing in Paris). Attachés.-Don Pedro Enrique Cabellero and Don Ricardo E. Lembeke. There are Consular representatives at Belfast, Cardiff, Dublin, Dundee, Glasgow, Liverpool, Queenstown, Southampton, and other places. 2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN PERU. Minister and Consul-General.—William Nelthorpe Beauclerk. There are a Consul-General and Vice-Consul at Callao, a Consul at Iquitos. Vice-Consuls at Lima, Payta, Arequipa, Mollendo, Pisco, a Vice-Consul for Trujillo and Salaverry, one for Pérené and Chanchamayo districts, another for Pascamayo, and a Consular Agent at Cerro de Pasco. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Peru. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Boletin del Ministerio de Fomento. Monthly, since January, 1903. Demarcacion política del Perú. Edicion oficial de la direccion de estadística. Fol. Lima, 1874. Paz Soldan (Mariano Felipe), Diccionario geográfico-estadístico del Perú: Contiene ademas la etimologia Aymara y Quechua de las principales poblaciones, lagos, rios, cerros, &c. 8. Lima, 1879. Peru. No. 60 of the Bulletins of the Bureau of the American Republics. Washington. 1892. Annual Official Statement of the Minister of Finance. Synopsis Geografica y Estadestica del Perú. Lima. Lima. Report by Sir C. Mansfield on the auriferous deposits of Peru. No. 167 of 'Reports on Subjects of General and Commercial Importance.' 1890.-Mines and Mining in Peru (official publication). 1903. Reports on the Trade of Peru in Foreign Office Reports, Annual Series. London. Vias del Pacifico al Marañon, y al Madre de Dios. Lima, 1903.-El Istmo de Fiscarrald. Lima, 1903. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Albertini (L. E.), Pérou en 1878. Paris, 1878. Boletin de la Sociedad Geografica de Lima. Half-yearly. Lima.-Boletin del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Peru. Lima. Cisneros (C. B.), and Garcia (R. E.), El Peru en Europa. Lima, 1900.-Geografia Comercial de la América del Sur. 3 vols. Lima.-Guia del Callao, Lima y sus Alrededores. Lima, 1898.-Monografía del Departamento de la Liberdad. Lima, 1900.-Monografía geográfica, Estadistica del Departamento de Lima. [The same authors, together or separately, have published several other works on the commerce, products, and industries of Peru.] Clark (E. B.), Twelve Months in Peru. S. London, 1891. Crommelin (May), Over the Andes from Chili to Peru. London, 1895. Fuentes (Manuel A.), Lima, or Sketches of the Capital of Peru: Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial, and Moral. S. London, 1866. Grandidier (E.), Voyage dans l'Amérique du Sud, Pérou et Bolivie. S. Paris, 1863. Haënke (T.), Descripcion del Peru. Lima, 1901. Higginson (E.), Mines and Mining in Peru. Lima, 1903. Hill (S. S.), Travels in Peru and Mexico. 2 vols. 8. London, 1860. Hutchinson (T. J.), Two Years in Peru. 2 vols. 8. London, 1874. Laos (R.), A Handbook of Peru for Investors and Immigrants. Baltimore, 1903. Markham (C. R.), Travels in Peru and India. London, 1862.-Cuzco and Lima. London, 1858.-Peru. London, 1881.-The War between Peru and Chili, 1879-81. London, 1883.History of Peru. Chicago. Maurtua (V. M.), The Question of the Pacific [on boundary disputes]. Philadelphia, 1901. Mendiburu (M. de), Diccionario Historico-Biografico del Peru. 8 vols. Callao, 1874 1890. Middendorf (E. W.), Peru: Beobachtungen und Studien über Das Land und Seine Bewohnern, während eines 25 Jahrigen Aufenthalts. Berlin, 1893. Ordinaire (Olivier), Du Pacifique à l'Atlantique par les Andes peruviennes et l'Amazone. 12. Paris, 1892. Paz Soldan (Mariano Felipe), Historia del Perú Independente. 3 vols. Prescott (W. H.), History of the Conquest of Peru. London. 1890-1902. Lima. René-Moreno (G.), Ultimos Dias Coloniales en el Alto Peru, 1807-1808. Santiago de Chile, 1896-98. Seebee (F.), Travelling Impressions in and Notes on Peru. 2nd ed. London, 1905. Squier (E. G.), Peru: Incidents of Travels and Exploration in the Land of the Incas. London, 1877. 2 vols. London. Stevenson ( ), Twenty Years in South America. 3 vols. Temple (Edmond), Travels in various Parts of Peru. Tschudi (Joh. Jakob von), Reisen durch Südamerika. 5 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1866-68. Ursel (Comte C. d'), Sud Amérique: Séjours et voyages au Brésil, en Bolivie, et au Pérou. 12. Paris, 1879. Wappaeus (Joh. Eduard), Die Republic Peru; in Stein's 'Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik.' Part III. 8. Leipzig, 1864. Wiener (Charles), Pérou et Bolivie. Paris, 1880. PORTUGAL. (REINO DE PORTUGAL E ALGARVES.) Reigning King. Carlos I., born September 28, 1863, son of King Luiz I. and his Queen Maria Pia, daughter of the late King Vittorio Emanuele of Italy, who still survives; married, May 22, 1886, Marie Amélie, daughter of Philippe Duc d'Orléans, Comte de Paris; succeeded to the throne October 19, 1889. Offspring :-I. Luiz Philippe, Duke of Braganza, born March 21, 1887. II. Manuel, born November 15, 1889. Brother of the King.-Prince Affonso Henriques, Duke of Oporto, born July 31, 1865. Aunt of the King.-Princess Antonia, born February 17, 1845; married, September 12, 1861, to Prince Leopold of HohenzollernSigmaringen, born September 22, 1835. Offspring of the union are three sons:-1. Prince Wilhelm, born March 7, 1864. Prince Ferdinand (Crown Prince of Rumania), born August 24, 1865. 3. Prince Karl, born September 1, 1868. 2. The reigning dynasty of Portugal belongs to the House of Braganza, which dates from the end of the fourteenth century, at which period Affonso, an illegitimate son of King João, or John I., was created by his father Count of Barcellos, Lord of Guimarães, and by King Affonso V., Duke of Braganza (1442). When the old line of Portuguese kings, of the House of Avis, became extinct by the death of King Sebastian, and of his successor, Cardinal Henrique, Philip II. of Spain became King of Portugal in virtue of his descent from a Portuguese princess. After 60 years' union under the same kings with Spain, the people of Portugal revolted, and proclaimed Dom João, the then Duke of Braganza, as their national king, he being the nearest Portuguese heir to the throne. The Duke thereupon assumed the name of João IV., to which Portuguese historians appended the title of the Restorer.' From this João the present rulers of Portugal are descended. Maria II., by her marriage with a Prince of Coburg-Gotha, Fernando, Duke of Saxe, united the House of Braganza with that of the Teutonic Sovereigns. Carlos I. is the third Sovereign of Portugal of the line of Braganza Coburg. Queen Carlos I. has a civil list of 365,000 milreis; while his consort has a grant of 60,000 milreis. The whole grants to the royal family amount to 525,000 milreis. The following is a list of the Sovereigns of Portugal since its conquest from the Moors : The fundamental law of the Kingdom is the 'Constitutional Charter' granted by King Pedro IV., April 29, 1826, altered by the additional Acts, dated July 5, 1852, July 24, 1885, and by laws of 1895 (March 28, September 25). The crown is hereditary in the female as well as male line; but with preference of the male in case of equal birthright. The Constitution recognises four powers in the State, the legislative, the executive, the judicial, and the 'moderating' authority, the last of which is vested in the Sovereign. There are two legislative Chambers, the 'Camara dos Pares,' or House of Peers, and the Camara dos Deputados,' or House of Commons, which are conjunctively called the Cortes Geraes. The law of July 24, 1885, provided for the abolition of hereditary peerages, though only by a gradual process. The laws of March 28, 1895, and April 3, 1896, altered the constitution of the House of Peers fixed by the law of July 24, 1885. The number of life peers appointed by the King must not exceed 90, exclusive of princes of the royal blood and the 12 bishops of the Continental dioceses. The nominated peers, who must be over 40 years of age, may be selected without limitation as to class, but certain restrictions and disqualifications are imposed. The elective portion of the Chamber ceased to exist. The election and constitution of the second Chamber are regulated by the law of August 8, 1901. Electors are all citizens twenty-one years of age who can read and write, or who pay taxes amounting to 500 reis: convicts, bankrupts, beggars, domestic servants, workmen in the Government service, and non-commissioned soldiers are not electors. The deputies must be graduates of one of the highest, secondary, or professional schools, or have an income of at least 400 milreis per annum. Peers, naturalised foreigners and certain Government employees cannot be deputies, and deputies cannot accept from Government during the session any paid employment to which they are not entitled by law. Continental Portugal, Madeira and the Azores, are divided into 26 electoral circles, which return 113 deputies, besides 35 deputies as representatives of minorities; total, 148; there are also 7 deputies for the Colonies. The annual session lasts three months, and fresh elections must take place at the end of every four years. In case of dissolution a new Parliament must be called together immediately. The General Cortes meet and separate at specified periods, without the intervention of the Sovereign, and the latter has no veto on a law passed twice by both Houses. A committee composed of members of the two Houses decides in case of conflict, the King having the final decision if the committee does not come to a decision. The executive authority rests, under the Sovereign, in a responsible Cabinet of seven ministers, as follows (October 19, 1904):- Premier.-J. Luciano de Castro. Minister of the Interior.-A. A. Pereira de Miranda. Foreign Affairs.-A. E. Villaça. Finance.-M. A. d'Espregueira. Justice and Worship.-J. M. d'Alpoim. War, S. C. de Sousa Telles. Marine and Colonies.-M. A. Moreira, Junior. Public Works, Industry, and Commerce.-E. J. Coelho. The Sovereign is permitted, in important cases, to take the advice of a Council of State, or Privy Council, consisting of twelve members, nominated for life. The leading ministers, past and present, generally form part of the Privy Council. Area and Population. Continental Portugal was divided into six natural provinces and is now divided into seventeen districts; in addition there are the Azores (3 districts) and Madeira (1 district), which |