are regarded as an integral part of the Kingdom. The area, according to the latest official geodetic data, and the de facto population, according to the censuses of December 1, 1890, and December 1, 1900, are given in the following table :

The following table gives the population according to occupation in

In 1900 the population consisted of 2591,600 males and 2.831.532 females, or 109 females to every hundred males. In the 10 years, 1890 to 1900, the increase was 373.413, or at the yearly rate of 74 per cent. of the population in 1890. In 1900 the continental urban population was 1.627.476 or 32-4 per cent, and the rural 3.385.791 or 67 6 per cent, the island urban and rural being respectively 37-5 and 62-5 per cent.

In 1900 the foreign population of Portugal numbered 41.728, comprising 27.029 Spanish, 7,614 Brazilian, 2.292 English, 1,841 French, 918 German, 702 of the United States, and 561 Italian.

With respect to conjugal condition, the following was the distribution of the population, aged 15 years and upwards, in

The chief towns with their population in 1900 were: Lisbon, 356,009; Oporto, 167.955; Braga, 24.202: Setubal, 2074: Funchal (Madeira), 20.844; Coimbra, 18.144: Fonta Delgada Ancres), 17.620: Evera, 16.020 : Covilha, 15.469: Elvas, 13,881 - Tavira, 12,175; Portalegre, 11,820 ; Faro, 11,789; Angra Azores, 10,788.

MOVEMENT OF THE POPULATION.

The following table shows the number of births, deaths, and marriages in Portugal including the Azores and Madeira' in five years :—

Of the births in 1900, 15,312, and of the deaths, 9,293 were in the islands. The total population in the beginning of that year being estimated at 5,388,902, the birth-rate was 30 66 per 1,000; the death-rate was 20.47 per 1,000; and the number of marriages was 683 per 1,000 of the popuÎation. In 1900 the illegitimate births numbered 19, 236, or 11.6 per 100 of total births.

The number of emigrants from Portugal from 1872 to 1890 was 308,065. From 1891 to 1900 it was 270,017. In the last 5 years the numbers were : 1899, 17,774; 1900, 21,235; 1901, 20,646; 1902, 24,170; 1903, 21,608. Portuguese emigration is chiefly to Brazil and the United States. In 1903, 19,340 emigrants went to America, and 1,908 to Africa.

Religion.

The Roman Catholic faith is the State religion; but all other forms of worship are tolerated. Portugal, including the Azores and Madeira, is divided into three ecclesiastical provinces, with their seats at Lisbon, Braga and Evora; the first is under the jurisdiction of a Patriarch, the others of Archbishops. The Patriarch of Lisbon, if not a Cardinal at the time of his nomination, receives that dignity as soon as a place becomes vacant in the Holy College. The Archbishop of Braga bears the title of Primate. The ecclesiastical provinces are divided into 14 dioceses. The Portuguese colonial possessions of West Africa constitute parts of the ecclesiastical province of Lisbon.

The total income of the upper hierarchy of the Church is calculated to amount to 300,000 milreis. There are 93,979 parishes, each under the charge of a presbitero, or incumbent. All the conventual establishments of Portugal were suppressed by decree of May 28, 1834, and their property confiscated for the benefit of the State. At that period there existed in the country 632 monasteries and 118 nunneries, with above 18,000 monks and nuns, and an annual income of nearly a million sterling. This revenue was applied to the redemption of the national debt; while a library of 30,000 volumes was set up at the former convent of San Francisco, at Lisbon, from the collections of books and manuscripts at the various monasteries. The number of Protestants in Portugal, mostly foreigners, does not exceed 500. They have chapels at Lisbon and Oporto.

Instruction.

By a law enacted in 1844, primary education is compulsory; but this prescription is far from being enforced, and only a small fraction of the children

of the lower classes really attend school. According to census results the proportion of the population (including children) that could not read in 1878 was 824 per cent.; in 1890, 792 per cent; and in 1900, 78.6 per cent. Primary education is regulated by the laws of December 24, 1901, and September 19, 1902. There are about 4,500 public and 1,000 private primary schools, with altogether about 240,000 pupils, and 175 primary schools for adults with 6,800 pupils. There are normal schools for the training of teachers in the chief towns. Secondary instruction is regulated by a law of December, 1894. There are 24 State lycées (one in the chief town of each district, and also at Amarante, Guimarães, and Lamego) and 5 municipal lycées (at Celorico de Basto, Chaves, Ponte de Lima, Povoa de Varzim and Setubal) with (in 1904) 5,860 pupils; a military college with (1901) 248 pupils; a secondary school for girls at Lisbon, with (1904) 265 pupils; many private secondary schools; 18 seminaries (clerical) with (1899) 2,774 pupils. Commercial, industrial, and general education is supplied in 26 industrial schools, 2 preparatory technical schools at Lisbon and Oporto with (1904) 598 students, 2 commercial elementary schools at the same towns, with (1904) 667 students, and 2 higher technical schools at Lisbon with 398 and Oporto with 160 students.

For higher instruction there are polytechnic schools at Lisbon and Oporto, the former with (1903) 319, and the latter with 143 students; schools of medicine at Lisbon (1903, 385 students), Oporto (246 students), and Funchal (18 students); a school of agriculture at Lisbon with 87 students; a military school (265 students); a naval school (54 students); a high school of letters (86 students); a school of fine art at Lisbon (350 students) and one at Oporto (133 students); a Conservatorio at Lisbon for music and dramatic art with 546 students. The University of Coimbra (founded in 1290) has faculties of theology (68 students in 1903), law (564 students), medicine and pharmacy (178), mathematics (114), and philosophy (133 students).

The expenditure on Public Instruction, according to the budget of 1904-05, was 1,427,157 milreis, exclusive of 226,898 milreis to be expended through the War and Marine ministries.

Justice and Crime.

The Kingdom is divided for judicial purposes into comarcas; in every comarca there is a court of first instance. More than half of the chief towns are seats of such courts. There are three courts of appeal (Tribunaes de Relação), at Lisbon, Oporto and Ponta Delgada (Azores), and a Supreme Court in Lisbon.

Finance.

The revenue (exclusive of loans) and expenditure, ordinary and extraordinary, for six years (provisional figures for the last three years) were :—

The public debt of Portugal, which in 1853 consisted of: internal debt, 5,704,627 milreis, and external, 3,667,435 milreis, had in 1890 increased to internal, 258,086,897 milreis; external, 46,366,759 milreis; amortisable, 104,172,464 milreis; floating, 19,565,172 milreis.

In 1891 the finances became quite deranged, and steps were taken for the reduction of the amount of interest payable. The law of February 26, 1892, reduced by 30 per cent. the interest on the internal public debt payable in currency, and that of April 20, 1893, reduced by 663 per cent. the interest on the external debt to be paid in gold.

In 1904 (according to the Report of the Council of the Corporation of Foreign Bondholders) the outstanding debt of Portugal was as follows:

:

By the law of August 9, 1902, the external 3 per cent. consolidated, the 4 per cent. redeemable of 1890, and the 44 per cent. redeemable of 1888 and 1889, were converted into 3 per cent. bonds, to be amortised in 99 years in three series :

(1) 1,043,179 bonds of 201., corresponding with the 3 per cent. bonds, to be amortised at half the old value.

(2) 60,322 bonds of 191. 188., corresponding with the 4 per cent. bonds, to be amortisable at of the old nominal value.

(3) 477,517 bonds of 191. 188., corresponding with the 4 per cent, bonds, to be amortised ata of the old value; and bonds of 61. 128. 8d., corresponding with the remaining, not bearing interest, to be amortised simultaneously with the foriner.

The floating debt on June 30, 1904, amounted to 65,411,647 milreis,