Import duties are mostly specific, but in some cases are ad valorem, 10 to 25 per cent. Machinery is free. Export duties are from 2 to 10 per cent. ad valorem. The chief articles imported into the colony are cottons, iron-work, spirits, beer, and wine. The exports are mainly rubber, various ores, wax, and ivory. In 1903 the imports into the United Kingdom from Portuguese East Africa, according to the Board of Trade returns, were of the value of 77,9347. (rubber, 52,2307.); and the exports thereto from the United Kingdom, 2,514,6997. (ironwork, 884,2221.; cottons, 246,5447.). The ports are visited regularly by the steamers of the German East Africa line, and on the Zambesi and Shiré rivers there are plying 22 small steamers of, in all, 1,121 tons, and 100 barges of 2,888 tons. The Zambesi is navigable for sternwheelers as far as Tete. In Manica the gold mining industry has been taken up mainly by British subjects, but, as ordinary means of communication such as roads and postal and telegraph arrangements scarcely exist in the region, little has been done in actual mining. The Delagoa Bay railway has a length of 57 miles in the colony, and is continued for 290 miles to Pretoria. The commercial relations and transit of goods by this railway between the Portuguese and British possessions are regulated by the agreement signed December 18, 1901. The Beira railway has a length of 222 miles in the colony, and is continued from the British frontier to Bulawayo. Beira is connected by telegraph with Salisbury in Mashonaland, and Lourenço Marques with the Transvaal system. Quilimane has telegraphic communication with Chiromo. In the colony there were in 1903, 2,368 miles of telegraph line and 87 telegraph offices. The Portuguese coinage is little used; the official value of the milreis is 4s. 5d., or 4.5 milreis to the £. At Mozambique the currency is chiefly British-Indian rupees, on which an import duty of 10 per cent. is levied. At Lourenço Marques English gold and silver coins are chiefly used. Consul to Portuguese Possessions in West Africa south of the Gulf of Guinea.-A. Nightingale, residing at Boma (Congo State). Consul at Beira.-R. C. F. Greville. Consul-General at Lourenço Marques. -Major J. G. Baldwin. There are Vice-Consuls at Chinde, Mozambique, Tete, and Quilimane, Consul at Marmagao (Goa), Vice-Consul at Macao (China). Statistical and other Books of Reference. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. PORTUGAL AND DEPENDENCIES. Annaes de Estatistica. I.. Estatistica Bancaria (1858-1892). II. Estatistica do ensino commercial e industrial (1854-1893). Lisbon. Annuario da Direcção Geral da Administração civil e politica do Ministerio do Reino. Annuario Estatistico de Portugal, 1884-1892. Lisboa. Annuario Estatistico das dominios ultramarinos portuguezas, 1899-1900. Lisboa, 1903. Annuario Estatistico da Provincia de Angola. 1897-1900. Loanda. Annuario Estatistico das contribuições directas. Ministerio da Fazenda. From 1877-78 to 1895-96. Lisboa. Boletim commercial e maritimo (monthly). Boletim da Direcção Geral de Agricultura. Boletim official for each of the Portuguese colonies :-Estado da India; Provincia de Macau; Districto de Timor; Provincia de Cabo Verde; Provincia da Guiné Portugueza; Provincia de S. Thomé e Principe; Provincia de Angola; Provincia de Moçambique. Caminhos de ferro, 1877-1901.-Album de Estatistica graphica dos Caminhos de ferro portuguezes das provincias ultramarinas, 1898. Lisboa, 1900. Censo da População do Reino de Portugal no 1 de Dezembro de 1890. 3 vols. Lisboa, 1896-1900. Censo da Populacão do Reino de Portugal no 1 de Dezembro de 1900; resultados provisorios. Lisboa, 1901. Collecção de Tratados, convenções, contractos, e actos publicos celebrados entre a côrte Portugal e as mais Potencias desde 1640 até ao presente, por Borges de Castro e Judice Byker, 30 vols. 1856-1879. Nova Collecção de Tratados, &c. 2 vols. 1890-1891. Commercio e Navegação (annual). Ministerio da Fazenda.-Lista dos Navios d Guerra e Mercantes da Marinha portugueza, 1 Jan. 1904. Lisboa. Lisboa. Conta Geral da adininistração financeira do Estado. 1896-97. Correspondence respecting Portuguese Claims in South Africa. London, 1889. Documentos apresentados as Cortes na sessão legislativa de 1591: negocios d'Africae Corresp. com a Inglaterra: negocios de Moçambique, dos Matabeles e Amatongas. 1 vol. Negocios da Africa oriental e central. 1 vol. Negociações do tratado com a Inglaterra. I vol. Estatistica do real d'agua e outros impostos indirectos. 1884-85 to 1899-1900. Estatistica das contribuições directas, 1895-96 to 1900-01. Lisbon 1901-02. Foreign Office Reports, Annual and Miscellaneous Series. London. Hertslet (Sir E.), Foreign Office List. Published annually. London. Le Portugal au point de vue agricole. Lisbonne, 1900. Le Portugal vinicole. Lisboune, 1990, Negocios externos: Arbitragem de Manica, 1897. Movimento da População. From 1887 to 1896. Lisbon. Orçamento geral e proposta de lei das receitas e das despezas ordinarias do Estado na metropole para o exercicio de 1904-05. Lisbon, 1901. Orçamento da Receita e tabellas da Despesa das Provincias ultramarinas. Exercicio de 1904-05. See also Reports presented to the Cortes by the Ministers of Finance and of Marine and Colonies. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. PORTUGAL AND DEPENDENCIES. Adam (Madame), La Patrie portugaise. S. Paris. 1896. Aldama-Ayala (G. de), Compendio geográfico-estadistico de Portugal e sus posesiones ultramarinas. S. Madrid, 1880. Andrade Corvo (J. de), Estudos sobre as Provincias Ultramarinas. 4 vols. Lisbon, 1883-87. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1901. Biddle (A. J. D.) The Land of the Wine (Madeira Islands). Brown (A. S.), Madeira and the Canary Islands with the Azores. [Guide Book]. London, 1901. Carvalho (T. de), Les Colonies portugaises au point de vue commercial. Crawfurd (Oswald), Portugal: Old and New. 8. London, 1880. Danvers (C F.), the Portuguese in India. London, 1894. Delagoa Bay Directory. London, 1899. [Re Delbosc (R. Foulché), Bibliographie des Voyages en Espagne et en Portugal. printed from Revue Hispanique for March, July, and November, 1896.] Paris, 1896. Eschwege (Wilhelm L. von), Portugal: ein Staats- und Sittengemälde, nach dreissigjäh rigen Beobachtungen und Erfahrungen. 8. Hamburg, 1837. Foa (E.), Mes grandes chasses en Afrique Centrale. Nyasse. Paris, 1897. Paris, 1897. Du Cap au Lac Handbook of the Mozambique Company. 8. London, 1893. Herculano (Alexandre), Historia de Portugal desde o começo da Monarchia até ao fim do reinado de Affonso III. (1097-1279). 4 vols. Lisbon, 1863. Jessett (M. G.), The Key to South Africa; Delagoa Bay. London, 1900. Johnston (Sir Harry), The Colonisation of Africa. Cambridge, 1899. Keltie (J. S.), Partition of Africa. 2 ed. London, 1895. La Teillais (C. de), Etude historique, économique et politique sur les colonies portugaises leur passé, leur avenir. 8. Paris, 1872. Lavigne (Germond de), L'Espagne et le Portugal. 8. Paris, 1883. MacMurdo (M. M.) and Monteiro (M.), History of Portugal 3 vols. 8. London, 1888. Mendes (A. Lopes), A Indla Portuguesa. 2 vols. Lisbon, 1886. Minutoli (J. Freiherr von), Portugal und seine Colonien im Jahre, 1854. Stuttgart, 1855. 2 vols. Monteiro (J. J.), Angola and the River Congo. 2 vols. 8. London, 1875. Negreiros (Almada), Ile de San Thomé. Paris, 1901.-Angola, Paris, 1901:-Le Mozambique. Paris, 1904. O Territorio de Manica e Sofala e a administração da Companhia de Moçambique (1892-1900). Lisboa, 1902. Oliveira Martins (J. P.), Historia de Portugal. 2 vols. Lisbon, 1880. (J. P.), Portugal contemporaneo. 2 vols. Lisbon, 1881. Politica e economica nacional. Porto, 1885. (J. P.), O Brasil e as colonias portuguezas. Lisbon, 1888. Portugal nos mares. Lisbon, 1889. Pery (G.), Statistique du Portugal. Lisbon, 1878. Pinheiro Chagas, Historia de Portugal. 8 v. (2 ed.). Portugal em Africa: a Review. Lisbon. Portugal, Atlas geografico de. Maps by B. Chias, text (Spanish and Portuguese) by J. Bettencourt (now publishing at Barcelona). Portugal: Etats et Colonies. Larousse. Paris, 1900. Quillinan (D.), Journal of a Residence in Portugal. London, 1895. Shafer (H.). Geschichte von Portugal. Hamburg und Gotha, 1836-1844. Sellers (C.), Oporto, Old and New. London, 1899. Paris, 1897. Eng. Stephens (M.). Portugal [In Story of the Nations]. 2nd ed. London, 1903. Theal (G. M'C.), The Beginning of South African History. London, 1902. Vasconcellos (Ernesto J. de), As Colonias portuguezas. 2nd ed. with maps. Lisbon, 1903. Colonies portugaises, Communications maritimes et fluviales en 1900. Whiteway (R. S.), Rise of the Portuguese Power in India. Worsfold (W. B.), Portuguese Nyassaland. London, 1899. Zimmermann (A.), Die Europäischen Kolonien. 1er Band. London, 1899. Berlin, 1899. ROME, SEE AND CHURCH OF. 6 The Sardinian 'Statuto fondamentale del Regno' of 1848, afterwards gradually extended to the whole Italian Kingdom, enacts, in its first article, that 'the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion is the sole religion of the State.' By the Royal decree of Oct. 9, 1870, which declared that Rome and the Roman Provinces shall constitute an integral part of the Kingdom of Italy,' the Pope or Roman Pontiff was acknowledged supreme head of the Church, preserving his former rank and dignity as a sovereign prince. Furthermore, by a bill that became law May 13, 1871, there was guaranteed to His Holiness and his successors for ever, besides possession of the Vatican and Lateran palaces and the villa of Castel Gandolfo, a yearly income of 3,225,000 lire or 129,0007., which allowance (whose arrears would in 1905 amount to 112,875,000 lire, or 4,515,000l.) still remains unclaimed and unpaid. Supreme Pontiff.-Pio X. (Giuseppe Sarto), born at Riese, diocese of Treviso, June 2, 1835; Bishop of Mantua, November 10, 1884; Cardinal, June 12, 1893; Patriarch of Venice, June 15, 1893; elected Supreme Pontiff, as successor of Leone XIII., August 4, 1903; crowned August 9 following. He is, therefore, now 69 years old, and has filled the Pontifical throne about a year and a half. The election of a Pope ordinarily is by scrutiny. Each Cardinal in conclave writes on a ticket his own name with that of the Cardinal whom he chooses. These tickets, folded and sealed, are laid in a chalice which stands on the altar of the conclave chapel; and each elector approaching the altar repeats a prescribed form of oath. Thereupon the tickets are taken from the chalice by scrutators appointed from the electing body; the tickets are compared with the number of Cardinals present, and when it is found that any Cardinal has two-thirds of the votes in his favour he is declared elected. Should none have received the needful number of votes, another process is gone through, viz., access-so called because any Cardinal may accede to the choice of another by filling up another ticket made for that purpose. 1 Reckoning the validly chosen Roman Pontiffs as 256 in number, there have been altogether 105 Popes who were Roman, 99 Italian other than Roman, and 52 Transalpine, or (save from Sicily or Sardinia) Transmarine. From the accession of Innocenzo XI., 241st in the usual list of Roman Pontiffs, to Pio X., the Popes (all Italian) have been as follows: 1 That is, counting but once the thrice elected Pope Benedict IX. and omitting the two Pisan Popes of the Great Schism. The only Englishman to be chosen Pope was Hadrian IV., reigning from 1154 to 1159; the last Ultramontane to be so chosen was Hadrian VI., Pope from 1522 to 1523, The Roman Pontiff (in orders a Bishop, but in jurisdiction held to be, by divine right, the centre of all Catholic unity, and consequently Pastor and Teacher of all Christians) has for advisers and coadjutors the Sacred College of Cardinals, consisting, when complete, of seventy members, namely, six Cardinal-Bishops (holders of the suburbicary sees), fifty Cardinal-Priests, and fourteen Cardinal-Deacons, but hardly ever comprising the full number. In February, 1905, the Sacred College consisted of six Cardinal-Bishops, forty-seven Cardinal-Priests, and eight Cardinal-Deacons.1 The following list gives the names and dates of these sixty-one Cardinals: 1 The terms Cardinal-Priest and Cardinal-Deacon have for centuries ceased to imply severally the particular orders of priest or deacon. Nowadays in the Sacred College a presbyteral title is freely given to one in episcopal or diaconal orders, and a deaconry to a priest or even to a simple clerk, |