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RUMANIA.

Reigning King.

Carol I. King of Rumania, born April 20, 1839, son of the late Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen; elected Domn,' or Lord, of Rumania, April 20 (N.S.), 1866; entered Bucharest May 22 (N.S), 1866. Proclaimed King of Rumania March 26 (N.S), 1881. Married, November 15, 1869, to Princess Elizabeth von Neuwied, born Dec. 29, 1843.

The King has, in addition to revenues from certain Crown lands, an annual allowance of 1,185, 185 leï, or 47,4007. The heir to the crown has an annual donation of 300,000 lei (12,0007.).

The succession to the throne of Rumania, in the event of the King remaining childless, was settled, by Art. 83 of the Constitution, upon his elder brother Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, who renounced his rights in favour of his son, Prince Wilhelm, the act having been registered by the Senate in October 1880. Prince Wilhelm, on November 22, 1888, renounced his rights to the throne in favour of his brother, Prince Ferdinand, born August 24, 1865, who, by a decree of the King, dated March 18, 1889, was createdPrince of Rumania.' Prince Ferdinand was married, January 10, 1893, to Princess Marie, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; offspring of the union are Carol, born October 15, 1893; Elisabeth, born October 11, 1894; Marie, born January 8, 1900; and Nicholas, born August 18, 1903.

The union of the two Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia was publicly proclaimed at Bucharest and Jassy on Dec. 23, 1861, the present name being given to the united provinces. The first ruler of Rumania was Colonel Cuza, who had been elected Hospodar,' or Lord, of Wallachia and of Moldavia in 1859, and who assumed the government under the title of Prince Alexandru Joan I. A revolution which broke out in February 1866 forced Prince Alexandru Joan to abdicate, and led to the election of Prince Carol I. The representatives of the people, assembled at Bucharest, proclaimed Rumania's independence from Turkey, May 21, 1877, which was confirmed by Art. 43 of the Congress of Berlin, signed July 13, 1878.

Constitution and Government.

The Constitution now in force in Rumania was voted by a Constituent Assembly, elected by universal suffrage, in the summer of 1866. It has twice been modified-viz., in 1879, and again in 1884. The Senate consists

of 120 members, elected for 8 years, including 2 for the Universities, and 8 bishops. The heir to the crown is also a Senator. The Chamber of Deputies consists of 183 members, elected for 4 years. A Senator must be 40 years of age, and a Deputy 25. Members of either House must be Rumanians by birth or naturalisation, in full enjoyment of civil and political rights, and domiciled in the country. For the Senate an assured income of 9,400 leï (3767.) is required. All citizens of full age, paying taxes,

are electors, and are divided into three Electoral Colleges. For the Chamber of Deputies, electors who are in possession of property bringing in 50%. or upwards per annum vote in the first College. Those having their domicile and residence in an urban commune, and paying direct taxes to the State of 20 fr. or upwards annually, or being persons exercising the liberal professions, retired officers, or State pensioners, or who have been through the primary course of education, vote in the second College. The third College is composed of those who, paying any tax, however small, to the State, belong to neither of the other colleges; those of them who can read and write and

have an income of 300 leï (127.) from rural land, vote directly, as do also the village priests and schoolmasters, the rest vote indirectly. For each election every fifty indirect electors choose a delegate, and the delegates vote along with the direct electors of the Colleges. For the Senate there are only two Colleges. The first consists of those electors having property yielding annually at least 807.; the second, of those persons whose income from property is from 321. to 807. per annum. At the election of 1901 there were altogether 88,980 enrolled electors for the Chamber of Deputies, 57,347 voted, and 1,355 votes were invalid; for the Senate there were altogether 25,374 enrolled electors; 16,985 voted, and 236 votes were invalid. Both Senators and Deputies receive 25 lei (francs) for each day of actual attendance, besides free railway passes. The King has a suspensive veto over all laws passed by the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The executive is vested in a council of eight ministers, the President of which is Prime Minister, and may or may not have a special department.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT.

For purposes of local government Wallachia is divided into seventeen, Moldavia into thirteen, and the Dobruja into two districts, each of which has a prefect, a receiver of taxes, and a civil tribunal. (The chief difference between the Dobruja and the other districts is that it does not elect senators or deputies. In Rumania there are 415 arrondissements (plăși) and 2,975 communes, 71 urban and 2,904 rural. In the rural communes there are 962 'circles,' 8,525 villages, and 950 hamlets. The appellations 'urban' and 'rural' do not depend on the number of inhabitants, but are given by law.

Area and Population.

Rumania, with an area estimated at about 50,700 square miles, has a population of 5,956,690. The following table shows approximately the area of each of the 32 departments and the population according to the returns of the enumeration made in December, 1899:

The population in 1899 consisted of 3,026, 639 males and 2,930,051 females. The density varied from 38 inhabitants per square mile in

Tulcha to 243 per square mile in Ilfov, the average for the whole country having been 117 per square mile. With respect to nationality the population of Rumania in 1899 was classified as follows:-Rumanians, 5,489,296 (92.5 per cent.); subjects of foreign States, 182,875 (3.1 per cent.); foreign Jews, 5,859 (0.1 per cent.); Jews under Rumanian protection 256,588 (4.3 per cent.); others under Rumanian protection. Of foreigners, tho AustroHungarians numbered 104,108 Turks, 22,989; Greeks, 20,057. Among Rumanians there are racial differences of which the census returns take no account. In Central Moldavia there are thousands of Hungarian descent (Changaï and Szeklers); the communes along the Danube have many inhabitants of Bulgarian and Servian origin; scattered over the country are hordes of Gipsies, most of whom have settled in Rumanian villages. In Dobrudja the foreign element is strong, Turkish, Tartar, Bulgar, Russian, and German. Rumanians are spread extensively in the neighbouring countries-Transylvania, Hungary, Servia, Bulgaria, Macedonia; their total number probably is between 9 and 10 millions.

The number of births, deaths, and marriages, with surplus of births over deaths, was as follows in each of the last five years :

Not included in the births and deaths are the still-born, 4,875 (1.9 per cent. of the total births in 1903). The illegitimate births in 1903 were about 9.71 per cent. of the total number. In 1900 there were 1,252 divorces; in 1901, 1,329; in 1902, 1,301; in 1903, 1,670.

Of the 2.975 communes, 71 urban had (1899) 1,119,786 inhabitants (18.9 per cent.); 2.834 rural had 4.836,964 (811 per cent.). The principal towns are:-Bucharest, the capital and seat of Government, 276, 178; Jassy, 77,759; Galatz, 62,545; Braila, 56, 300; Botosani, 32,521; Ploësti, 45,107; Craiova, 45,579; Berlad, 24,310; Focsani, 23,601.

Religion, Instruction, Justice, &c.

Of the total population of Rumania in 1899, 5,451,787 belonged to the Orthodox Greek Church, 149, 667 were Catholics or Protestants, 15,787 were Armenians, 266,659 were Jews, and 44,732 were Mahometans. The government of the Greek Church rests with two archbishops, the first of them styled the Primate of Rumania, and the second the Archbishop of Moldavia. There are, besides, six bishops of the National Church, and two Roman Catholic bishops. Only the clergy of the national Orthodox church are recognised and paid by the State. In 1903 there were 6,666 churches, 68 monasteries and convents, and 11 mosques.

Education is free and compulsory wherever there are schools,' but is still

in a very backward condition. In 1899, according to the census returns, 780 per cent. of the population over 7 years of age could neither read nor write; of 55,361 army recruits in 1904, 38,632 (or 69 per cent.) could not read. The following figures show the number of public primary schools, rural and urban, the number of teachers and of enrolled pupils, and the estimated number of the school population :

There are 11 normal schools, with 1,489 pupils; 75 high schools for boys, and 32 for girls, and secondary schools, with 1,110 teachers and 20,153 pupils, besides special schools for agriculture, silviculture, arts and trades, engineering, &c. There are 2 universities with faculties in law, philosophy, science and medicine, and theology; that at Bucharest had 85 professors and 3,443 students in 1902; that at Jassy, 63 professors and 629 students.

Justice is administered by a court of cassation, 4 appeal courts, 34 tribunals, and 131 justices of the peace. The total number of prisoners in custody during 1903 in the central prisons was 12,683, of whom 3,623 remained in prison on December 31.

Assistance is given to the sick in 168 hospitals and hospices (departmental, communal, rural, and private)), through which, in 1902, there passed 134,628 patients, leaving 6,356 patients at the end of the year.

Finance.

The chief sources of revenue consist in direct and indirect taxes, and the profits derived from the extensive State domains and monopolies of tobacco, salt, matches, playing cards, cigarette-paper, and gunpowder. A tax, at the rate of 6 leï (4s. 9d.) per head, called 'Contribution for means of Communication,' is, with certain exceptions, levied on all persons over 21 years of age. There is an income tax of 6 per cent. on houses, 5 per cent. on property farmed by a resident owner, 6 per cent. on property let by an owner resident in Rumania, and 12 per cent. on estates whose owners reside abroad. State also levies taxes on alcohol, petroleum, and sugar (taxes on consumption.) The following table shows the revenue and expenditure for years ending March 31 (old style, estimates for last 2 years):—

The

Revenue

Leï

Leï

Leï

Leï Leï 210,042,758 239,313,400 250,013,787 225,117,000 234,947,213 Expenditure 237,286,775 218,096,211 217,684,026 218,500,000 227,557,000

In 1904-05 the estimated revenue amounted to 234,947,213 leï, and the expenditure to 227,557,000.