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The Russians, especially Jews, contributed a large part to the flow of emigrants into the United States The number of immigrants from the Russian Empire into the United States during the years 1873 to 1890 (July 1) attained 313,469; during the years 1891-1900 it was:-525,895; total in 28 years, 839,364. For the last five years the emigration of Russians through Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck, chiefly into the United States, was as follows:

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Immigration of Russians in Siberia in 1901, 128, 131 persons; emigration of Siberians into the European Russia, 55, 233.

III. PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

The great majority of the population of Russia being agriculturists, they dwell in villages. The number of towns and villages in the Russian Empire (exclusive of Finland), grouped according to population, is given as follows:

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In European Russia there is an average of one town or village to every 4.7 sq. miles, the average varying from to every .0 43 sq miles in Courland to 1 for every 148 sq. miles in the government of Archangel. In Poland there is 1 for every 1.33 sq. miles; in the Caucasus 1 for every 9 sq. miles. In Asiatic Russia the average varies between 1 to 14 miles in Samarcand, and 1 to every 2,760 sq. miles in the province of Yakutsk. It will thus be understood that the distinction between the population of towns (including villages), and of country in 1897, given in the following table, is not to be closely pressed :

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The following are the populations of the principal towns, according to the census of 1897. The letters (C.), (S.), (T.), and (St.), after the towns in Asia signify Caucasus, Siberia, Turkestan, and the Kirghiz Steppes, while the Polish towns are marked by the letter (P.).

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The established religion of the Empire is the Græco-Russian, officially called the Orthodox-Catholic Faith. It has its own independent synod, but maintains the relations of a sister Church with the four patriarchates of Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria. The Holy Synod, the board of government of the Church, was established with the concurrence of the Russian clergy and the four Eastern patriarchs.

The emperor is head of the Church; he appoints to every office in the Church, and is restricted only so far as to leave to the bishops and prelates the privilege of proposing candidates; and he transfers and dismisses persons But he has never claimed the right of from their offices in certain cases. deciding theological and dogmatic questions. Practically, the Procurator of the Holy Synod enjoys wide powers in Church matters.

The points in which the Græco-Russian Church differs from the Roman Catholic faith are, its denying the spiritual supremacy of the Pope, its authorising all individuals to read and study the Scriptures in the vernacular tongue, and its practice with respect to the marriage of the clergy. Every must be married, but a "pope" who candidate for the position of "pope With the exception of the becomes a widower cannot marry again. restraints laid on the Jews, all religions may be freely professed in the Empire. The dissenters have been and are still, however, severely persecuted, though recently some liberty has been extended to those of the more than 12,000,000 United Church.' It is estimated that there are dissenters in Great Russia alone. The affairs of the Roman Catholic Church are entrusted to a Collegium, and those of the Lutheran Church to a Consistory, both settled at St. Petersburg. Roman Catholics are most numerous in the former Polish provinces, Lutherans in those of the Baltic, and Mohammedans in Eastern and Southern Russia, while the Jews are almost entirely settled in the towns and larger villages of the western and southwestern provinces.

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There are no trustworthy figures as to the numbers of adherents of different creeds-many dissenters being inscribed under the head of Greek Orthodox. The numbers, however, according to preliminary census returns, are given as follows:

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The Russian Empire is divided into 66 bishoprics (eparchiya), which were under 3 metropolitans, 14 archbishops, and 50 bishops; the latter had under them 37 vicars; all of them are of the monastic clergy. There were, in 1900, 49,082 churches both public and private (of which cathedrals, 723; parish churches, 37,763; churches at cemeteries and in private houses, hospitals, &c., 10,869; and 18,946 chapels), with 46,014 priests and deacons, and 58,529 cantors, &c. The monasteries numbered 828 (including 325 nunneries), and had 8,578 monks and 8,090 aspirants, 10,082 nuns and 31,533 aspirants. The management of Church affairs is in the hands of 62 "consistoriae."

The expenditure of the Synod in the budget of 1905 is: 28,952,790 roubles contributed by the Imperial budget. The expenditure for other churches is 1,751,440 roubles, contributed by the Ministry of Interior.

Instruction.

Most of the schools in the Empire are under the Ministry of Public In. struction, and the Empire is divided into 15 educational districts (St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, Orenburg, Kharkov, Odessa, Kiev, Vilna, Warsaw, Riga, Caucasus, Turkestan, West Siberia, East Siberia, and Amur). However, many special schools are under separate Ministries.

There are universities at Moscow (5,070 students), St. Petersburg (3,836), Kiev (2,664), Kharkov (1,486), Yuryev or Dorpat (1,676), Warsaw (1,502), Kazan (873), Odessa (1,714), and Tomsk (676). Total number of students, January 1, 1904, 19,485 (6,145 students in 1873, 8,193 in 1880, 12,939 in 1885, 13,944 in 1894). Other higher institutions are: 4 theological academies at Kiev (140 students), Moscow (161), St. Petersburg (191), and Kazan (214); an Armenian theological high school at Echmiadzin (Caucasus); a Catholic college at St. Petersburg; 6 medical schools (1 military and 1 for women) at St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Kharkov; 4 veterinary schools with 1,146 pupils; 5 juridical schools; 1 archeological institute; 3 technical schools of the Ministry of Public Instruction; 10 technical institutes; 2 high schools for women; 2 mining (795 students in 1902), 4 engineering, 4 agricultural, 1 forest (490 students in 1903), 1 topographic, 5 philological, and 6 military schools (889 officers in 1902). Finland has a university at Helsingfors, with 2,355 students in 1902-03 (see Finland). Nearly 4,000 students in Russia are either supported by bursaries or dispensed from paying fees.

The nature and number of the middle schools, and the number of pupils attending them are as follows (exclusive of Finland) :

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The expenses for the middle schools are contributed by the State Exchequer to the amount of 25 per cent. of the aggregate expenditure for the gymnasia, progymnasia, and technical schools, the remainder being made up by fees (about 30 per cent.) and by donations of the zemstvos, the municipalities, and so on. The Cossack schools are maintained by the separate voiskos, which, moreover, maintain a number of their pupils in the governmental schools. The number of elementary schools, teachers, and pupils in the Russian Empire in 1900 was as follows:

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Of the total number of pupils 3.349,571 were male, and 1,231,256 female; of 4,452,666 pupils, 738,366 were in towns and 3,714,300 in villages. To the support of the 84,544 schools the Imperial Treasury contributed 10,372,652 roubles; local authorities, 11,484,134; village communities, 8,332,927; towns, 6,960,173; private persons, 6,701,467; fees, 3,175,198; other sources, 3,005,825.

The progress of primary instruction is seen from the following:

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