Siberia.

Aulagnon (C.), La Sibérie Economique. Paris, 1901.

Beveridge (A. J.), The Russian Advance. New York, 1903.

Deutsch (L.), Sixteen Years in Siberia [Eng. Trans. by Helen Chisholm]. London, 1903. V. Dolgorukoff, Guide over Siberia. 3rd year. Tomsk, 1898.

Fraser (J. F.), The Real Siberia. London, 1902.

Gerrare (Wirt), Greater Russia. London, 1903.

Hawes (C. H.), In the Uttermost East [Sakhalin, Korea, &c.], London, 1903.

Hedin (Sven), Through Asia. 2 vols. London, 1898.-Central Asia and Tibet. 2 vols. London, 1903.

Howard (B. D.), Life with Trans-Siberian Savages. [The Ainus of Saghalien.] 8. London, 1893.

Jefferson (R. L.), Roughing it in Siberia. London, 1897. A New Ride to Khiva. London, 1899.

Keane (A.H.), Asia. Vol. I., Northern and Eastern Asia. London, 1896.
Kennan (G.), Siberia and the Exile System. 4th ed. 2 vols. London, 1897.
Krahmer (-), Russland in Asien. 7 vols. Leipzig, 1899-1904.

Krausse (A.), Russia in Asia. London, 1899.

Labbé (P.), Un Bagne Russe: L'Ile de Sakhaline. Paris, 1903.

Legras (J.), Au Pays Russe. Paris, 1896. En Sibérie. Paris, 1899.

Leroy-Beaulieu (P.), La Rénovation de l'Asie (Siberie, Chine, &c.) Paris, 1900.

Norwich (John, Bishop of), My Life in Mongolia and Siberia. London, 1903.

Patkanov (S.), Essai d'une Statistique et d'une Geographie des Peuples Palaeasiatiques de la Sibérie. St. Petersburg, 1903.

Reid (A.), From Peking to Petersburg. London, 1899.

Ronaldshay (Earl of), On the Outskirts of Empire in Asia. Edinburgh, 1904.

Schreider (D.), Our Far East.

St. Petersburg, 1897.

Simpson (J. Y.), Side-Lights on Siberia. Edinburgh, 1898.

Stadling (J.), Through Siberia. London, 1901.

Swayne (H. G. C.), Through the Highlands of Siberia. London, 1904.

Vladimir, Russia on the Pacific, and the Siberian Railway. London, 1899.

Weale (P.), Manchu and Muscovite. London, 1904.

Windt (H. de), The New Siberia. [Sakhalin and Eastern Siberia]. London, 1896. Wright (G. F.), Asiatic Russia. 2 vols. London, 1903.

Yadrintsev, Siberia as a Colony. Second edition. St. Petersburg, 1892. (Russian.) Zabel (R.), Durch die Mandschurie und Sibirien.

Leipzig, 1902.

The Jews of Russia :

Report of the Commissioners of Immigration upon the causes which incite immigration to the United States. [The chapters on the Jews in Russia, by J. B. Weber and W. Kempster, have been translated into French and issued separately under the title 'La Situation des Juifs en Russie.'] 8. Washington, 1892.

Bernheimer (C. S.), The Russian Jews in the United States. London, 1904. Bershadsky (S.A.), The Lithuanian Jews. [In Russian.] St, Petersburg, 1883. Materials for the History of the Jews in Lithuania. [In Russian.] 2 vols. St. Petersburg, 1892.

Errera (A.), The Jews in Russia: Emancipation or Extermination. 8. London, 1894. Frederic (Harold), The New Exodus: a Study of Israel in Russia. 8. London, 1892. Gradovsky (H. D.), La Situation legale des Israélites en Russie. Traduit du Russe. 8.

Paris, 1890. In progress.

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Sternberg (H.), Geschichte der Juden in Polen unter den Piasten und den Jagellione.

8. Leipsic, 1878.

SALVADOR.

(REPÚBLICA DEL SALVADOR.)

Constitution and Government.

IN 1839 the Central American Federation, which had comprised the States of Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, was dissolved, and Salvador became an independent Republic. The Constitution, proclaimed in 1824 under the Federation, and modified in 1859, 1864, 1871, 1872, 1880, 1883, and 1886, vests the legislative power in a Congress of 70 Deputies, 42 of whom are proprietors. The election is for one year, and by universal suffrage. The executive is in the hands of a President, whose tenure of office is limited to four years.

President of the Republic.-Señor P. José Escalon.
Vice-President.-Señor Calixto Velado.

The administrative affairs of the Republic are carried on, under the President, by a ministry of four members, having charge of the departments of: The Exterior, Justice, Worship, and Instruction; War and Marine; Interior and Government; Finance, Fomento, and Beneficence.

The army numbers 3,000 men, and the militia 18,000. In case of war, military service is compulsory from 18 to 50 years of age. There is one custom-house cruiser.

Area and Population.

The area of the Republic is estimated at 7,225 English square miles, divided into 14 departments. The population, according to a census of March 1, 1901, was 1,006,848 (493,893 males and 512,955 females), giving an average of 139 inhabitants to the square mile. Aboriginal and mixed races constitute the bulk of the population, Ladinos or Mestizos being returned as numbering 772,200, and Indians 234,648. The capital is San Salvador, with 59,540 inhabitants. Other towns are Santa Ana, population 48,120; San Miguel, 24,768; Nueva San Salvador, 18,770; San Vicente, 17,832; Sonsonate, 17,016.

Instruction and Justice.

Education is free and obligatory. There are in Salvador about 600 primary schools, 20 higher schools (including 2 normal and 3 technical schools) and a national university with faculties of jurisprudence, medicine, natural sciences, and engineering.

In the capital is a national library and museum, and in the Republic 28 newspapers are published.

Justice is administered by the Supreme Court of Justice, by several sub. ordinate courts, and by local justices. In 1901 the total number of persons convicted of crime was 4,084, of whom 297 were women.

Finance.

The following are the official figures of the revenue and expenditure (in silver dollars) for five years :

1899

Dollars

Revenue
Expenditure

1900 1902 Dollars Dollars Dollars 5,276,383 6,654,144 7,690,679 8,589,747 6,792,046 5,176,212 6,794,874 7,640,891 8,570,848 7,704,756

1901 Dollars

1903

For 1904-05 the revenue is estimated at 7,558,160 dollars, and the expenditure at 7,647,915 dollars. The revenue is derived mainly from taxes on imports and exports, amounting to 3,620,477 dollars. Other sources of revenue are the liquor taxes, licenses, &c., 1,945,706 dollars; the excise, stamps, and the post office. The chief branches of expenditure are the public debt, 2,458,144 dollars; war and marine, 1,939,914 dollars; internal administration, 1,036,505 dollars; and Fomento, 599,027 dollars.

The outstanding foreign debt of the Republic in 1899 amounted to 726,4207. In the year 1899-1900 this debt was converted into securities of the Salvador Railway Company, which receives from the Government a subsidy of 24,000l. per annum.

The internal debt amounted at the end of 1904 to 10,462,968 dollars.

Production and Commerce.

The chief

The population of Salvador is largely engaged in agriculture. produce is coffee, under which there are about 50,000 hectares. The crop in 1901 amounted to 55,600,000 lbs., of which 50,101,756 lbs. were exported, France taking nearly one-half, and the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and Australia nearly all the remainder. For 1902 the crop was estimated at 40,000,000 lbs. Other products are indigo, sugar, rubber, tobacco. The Government is encouraging cotton-growing by offering a bounty of 1 silver dollar on each centner of cotton exported. The mineral wealth of the Republic includes gold, silver, copper, iron, mercury. only mines worked are gold and silver mines, yielding chiefly gold. Operations are carried on by Salvadorian, United States, and British companies. Full statistics of output are not published, but the export of gold and silver, chiefly gold, in 1900 amounted to 77,945 dollars; in 1901 to 191,735 dollars.

The

The imports

There are no complete statistics of Salvadorian commerce. subject to duty and the exports have been as follows (in silver dollars, gold being at a premium of 150 per cent. ; or 1 gold dollar about 19d.) for the years named :

48., 1 silver dollar

In 1903 the import duties aniounted to 3,620, 477 dollars, and the export duties to 652,657 dollars.

The trade is chiefly with the United States, Great Britain, Germany and France. The chief imports are cottons, spirits, iron goods, flour, silk goods and yarn. The chief exports in 1903 were coffee, 10,387,910 silver dollars indigo, 791,085 dollars; balsam, 220,751 dollars; minerals and coin and bullion, 2,112,500 dollars; sugar, 255,537 dollars.

The treaty of commerce of 1862 between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Salvador provides for "the most favoured nation treatment in respect of trade navigation, manufactures, mining and the holding of property. The trade of the United Kingdom with Salvador (according to the Board of Trade Returns) in five years was:

In 1903 the imports into the United Kingdom from Salvador included : — Coffee, 56,2761.; dye-stuffs, 38,0897. Among the exports to Salvador were-Cottons, 155,5697.; cotton yarn, 16,8227.; iron, 9,2657.; woollens, 9,8397.; sacks, 15,1577.

The imports into and exports from the United States from and to Salvador in 4 years ending June 30, according to the U.S. statistics, were as follows (in U.S. dollars) :

In 1903 the chief article of import was coffee, 762,192 dollars; the chief exports to Salvador were breadstuffs, 153, 100 dollars, and cotton manufactures, 253,346 dollars.

Shipping and Communications.

In 1902, 445 vessels entered at the ports of the Republic, and as many

cleared.

A railway connects the port of Acajutla with Santa Anna and La Ceiba ; with this system San Salvador, the capital, was brought into connection in April, 1900. At Acajutla, the railway company is building a pier and warehouses. Another railway connects the capital with Santa Tecla, and, in 1903, a concession was granted for the construction of a railway from Santa Tecla to the port of La Libertad. Total length of railway open, about 100 miles. There are over 2,000 miles of good road in the Republic. Salvador joined the postal union in 1879. In 1901 there were 83 receiving offices, and in the internal service 1,600,000 letters were transmitted. In 1902 there were in Salvador 135 telegraph stations and 1,920 miles of telegraph wire, over which passed 715,084 telegrams. There are 63 telephone offices and 1,010 miles of telephone line.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

MONEY.

There are 3 banks of issue, the Banco Salvadoreño, (paid-up capital, 3,126,000 pesos silver), Banco Occidental (paid up capital, 1,000,000 pesos silver), and Banco Agricola Commercial (paid-up capital, 922,500 pesos silver).

The Dollar, of 100 centavos, nominal value 4s., real value about 19d.

In August, 1897, a law was passed adopting the gold standard. The import of debased silver coin is prohibited. In October, 1899, the Salvador mint, formerly the property of a company, was transferred to the Government. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

In 1885 the metrical system of weights and measures was introduced.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF SALVADOR IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy and Minister.

Consul-General.-M. J. Kelly.

There are consular agents at London, Manchester, Liverpool, Southampton and Birmingham.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN SALVADOR.

Minister and Consul-General.-H. W. B. Harrison, C. M. G.

Consul.-W. E. Coldwell.
Vice-Consul at La Union.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Salvador.

Boletin de la Direccion General de Estadislica de la Republica de el Salvador. Monthly since December, 1900.

Constitucion política de la República del Salvador decretada por el Congreso Nacional Constituyente el 13 de Agosto de 1886.

Directorio Postal de la Republica del Salvador, formado por la direccion General de Correos. San Salvador, 1896.

Leyes, Ordenes y Resoluciones de los Poderes Legislativos y Ejecutivos en 1889. 8. San Salvador, 1892.

American Consular Reports for February, August, September, and October, 1893. Washington.

Foreign Office Reports. Annual Series. 8. London.

Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom. Imp. 4. London.

Salvador. No. 58 of the Bulletins of the Bureau of the American Republics. Washington, 1892.

Corporation of Foreign Bondholders. Annual Report of Council. London.

Gonzalez (Dr. D.), Geografía de Centro-América. San Salvador, 1878.-Datos sobre la Republica de El Salvador. San Salvador, 1901.

Guzman (D.), Apuntamientos sobre la topografia física de la rep. del Salvador. Salvador, 1883.

Laferrière (J.). De Paris à Guatemala. 8. Paris, 1877.

Marr (Wilhelm), Reise nach Central-America. 2 vols. 8. Hamburg, 1863.

Morelot (L.), Voyage dans l'Amérique centrale. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1859.

Reyes (Rafael), Nociones de história del Salvador. San Salvador, 1886.

San

Scherzer (Karl Ritter von), Wanderungen durch die mittelamerikanischen Freistaaten

Nicaragua, Honduras und Salvador. 8. Braunschweig, 1857.

Squier (E. G.), The States of Central America 8. London, 1868.