were under woods and forests. The area under the principal crops and the yield in 2 years were as follows:

Plum marmalade and also fresh plums are exported in large quantities, spirits are distilled in large quantities from plums. Under tobacco are 1,874 hectares; under vines, about 60,000 hectares; and various fruits are grown. Silk culture is progressing; the production of cocoons in 1900 was 106,895 kilos. ; in 1901, 120.843; in 1902, 157,123; in 1903, 153, 972.

There is a school of agriculture at Kralyevo and one of wine-culture at Negotin. The Government encourages the formation of agricultural companies, of which in 1902 there were 290, 2 being for the purchase of implements and machinery, and the others for advancing loans or receiving deposits. Their total membership was 10,383.

Large numbers of cattle, sheep, and pigs are reared and exported. On December 31, 1900, there were in Servia 184,849 horses; 962,590 head of cattle; 3,061,759 sheep; 959,580 pigs; and 432,067 goats. In 1900, 65,033 head of cattle were exported, and 143,453 pigs.

The State forests have an area of 566,892; commercial forests, 658,260; church, 17,083; private, 303,675. The forests consist largely of beech, oak, and fir, but are less profitable than, with proper management, they might be. Cask staves are exported to Austria and France in great quantities.

Servia has considerable mineral resources, including various kinds of coal (170,000 metric tons in 1903) worked by Government, by Belgian companies, and by private enterprise. Mining is carried on for gold (19 kilos, in 1902), copper (140 tons), lead and zinc ore (57 tons), antimony (regulus and oxide, 337 tons), silver (21 kilos.); but iron, quicksilver, asbestos, arsenic, chromium, graphite, gypsum, sulphur, marble, building stones, and oil shales are found. In 1902, 2,229 persons were employed in and about the mines. For the development of the mineral industries good roads and an extension of the railway system are required.

Of Servian industries, flour milling is one of the most important; brewing is extensively carried on; sugar works and a celluloid factory are in German hands; weaving, tanning, bootmaking, pottery, and iron-working are also carried on. In 1898 the Government was authorised to make concessions for industrial enterprises in Servia, and for this purpose to grant free land; to exempt from customs duties and other taxes; to provide facilities for the purchase of fuel, &c. ; to reduce the railway tariff by 25 per cent., and to assign Government contracts to native manufacturers at rates 10 per cent. higher than the average rates.

Commerce.

The following table shows the value (25 dinars = £1) of the imports and exports of Servia for five years :

The following table shows the chief imports and exports in two years:

The following table shows the value of the trade with different countries in dinars (or francs) for two years:

The treaty of June, 1893, provides for "the most favoured nation" treatment in commerce and navigation between the United Kingdom and Servia. According to the Board of Trade Returns the exports of produce and manufactures of the United Kingdom to Servia were as follows: in 1901, 4,0047.; in 1902, 23,7271.; in 1903, 27,6857. The chief exports in 1903 were cotton yarn, 21,6087.; machinery, 2,7417. There are no direct imports into the United Kingdom from Servia.

Communications.

Servia has one principal railway line, Belgrade-Nisch-Vranya, and several secondary branches, Nisch-Pirot, Smederevo-Velika Plana, Lapovo-Kraguyevatz, total 355 miles. There are also 14 miles of railway belonging to companies. Cost of construction up to the end of 1901, 106,407,766 dinars, and of the rolling-stock, &c., 16,533,122 dinars. In 1901 the gross receipts amounted to 7,059,706 dinars, and the working expenses to 3,868,549 dinars. The Government in 1898 was authorised to grant concessions for the construction and working of several new lines of railway. One of these is intended to connect Nisch with Kladovo, and thence to cross the Danube by a bridge, for the construction of which a convention with the Rumanian Government has been signed. Another will connect Nisch with the Turkish frontier, and ultimately be continued across Albania to the Adriatic. Concessions granted for the construction of light railways have lapsed, and the schemes seem likely to fail.

Of highways there are 3,495 miles, many of them in a ruinous condition. Of rivers only those bordering on Servia are navigable, viz. Danube, 198 miles; Save, 90 miles; and Drina, 106 miles. The navigation on the Danube and Save is in the hands of the Servian Steamboat Company, and several foreign companies, Austrian, Hungarian, Rumanian, and Russian. There were 2,300 miles of telegraph line and 4,925 miles of wire, with 145 stations, at the end of 1902. In 1902, 1,092,527 messages were transmitted.

In 1902 there were 544 miles of telephone line, with 24 telephone districts and 836 stations; conversations in 1902, 546,889, and, by phonogram, 15,078; telephone receipts, 103,001 dinars.

There were 1,251 post-offices in 1903. In 1903 the letters, &c., transmitted were internal, 22,001,000; international, 4,331,000; transit, 9,000. The post and telegraph receipts for 1903 amounted to 2,138,161 dinars, and expenditure to 1,700,545 dinars.

Money and Credit.

The principal bank is the National Bank of Servia in Belgrade, with the nominal capital of 20,000,000 dinars, of which 6,500,000 has been paid up. Its note circulation in December, 1903, amounted to 44,433,450 dinars, and cash on hand to 32,004,844 dinars. The Export Bank, with agencies abroad, assists in the exportation of Servian produce. The Uprawa Fondowa or Mortgage Bank, the only large State institution of the kind in Servia, makes advances to a large amount for agricultural operations.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The nominal value of the money coined from 1868 to the end of 1903 was gold, 10,000,000 dinars; silver, 15,600,000 dinars; bronze, 1,934,645 dinars nickel, 3,200,000 dinars-total, 30,734,645 dinars.

Servia accepted, by the law of June 20, 1875, the French decimal system

for its moneys, weights, and measures. The Servian dinar is equal to one franc. In circulation are gold coins of 10 and 20 dinars (milan d'or); silver coins of 5, 2, 1, and 0.5 dinar; bronze of 10 and 5, and nickel of 20, 10,

and 5 paras.

The decimal weights and measures (kilogram, metre, &c.) have been in practical use since the commencement of 1883.

Diplomatic and Consular Representatives.

1. OF SERVIA IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Chargé d'Affaires.-Alexander Yovitchitch.

Consul-General for London.-H. W. Christmas.

There are Consular representatives in Glasgow, Manchester, Liverpool, and Sheffield.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN SERVIA.

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.—
Vice-Consul.-Hon. W. G. Thesiger, D.S.O.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Servia.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Almanac for 1904 (Servian). Belgrade.

Criminal Statistics, 1888-90. Belgrade, 1896.

Srpské Novine (Official Gazette).

Statistički godišnjak Kraljevine Srbije. (Annuaire Statistique du Royaume de Serbie.) Belgrade.

Drzavopis Srbije (Servian Statistics). Vols. I.-XXI. Belgrade, 1863-95.
Deutsches Handels-Archiv for October, 1904.

Berlin.

Statistike Kraljevine Srbije. (Statistique du Royaume de Serbie.) Vols. I.-IV. Belgrade, 1892-95.

Priloxi ze Statistick Kraljevine Srbije. (Matériaux pour la Statistique du Royaume de Serbie.) Part I. Belgrade, 1895.

Foreign Office Reports. Annual Series. 8. London.

Handbook of the Armies of the Balkan States. By Captain M. C. P. Ward. London,

1901.

Recensement de la Terre cultivée en 1397. Belgrade, 1900.

Preliminary Returns of the Census of December 31, 1900. Belgrade.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Balme (M.), La principauté de Serbie. 8. Paris, 1880.

[Boskovitch (St.), La mission de Serbie dans la question d'Orient. Florence, 1887. Coquelle (P.), Le Royaume de Serbie. 12. Paris, 1894.

Courrière (C.), Histoire de la littérature contemporaine chez les Slaves. Paris, 1879. Cuniberti (F.), La Serbia e la dinastia degli Obrenovitch, 1804-93. Torino, 1893. Durham (Mary E.), Through the Lands of the Serb. London, 1894.

For the King and Fatherland" (in Servian), a semi-official publication, relating the historical events of the 1st and 2nd April, 1893.

Gambier (J. W., Captain, R. V.), Servia. London, 1878.

Gubernatis (Comte A. de), La Serbie et les Serbes. Paris, 1898.

Holland (Thomas Erskine), The European Concert on the Eastern Question. Oxford, 1885. Jakchich (Vladimir), Recueil statistique sur les contrées serbes. 8. Belgrade, 1875. Kanitz (F.), Serbien: Historisch-ethnographische Reisestudien aus den Jahren 1859-68. Leipzig, 1868.-Das Königreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk von der Römerzeit bis zur Gegenwart. 3 vols. [In progress.] Leipzig, 1904.

Karič (V.), Srbija (a description of the country, people, and state, in Servian). Belgrade,

1888.

Laveleye (Emile de), The Balkan Peninsula. 2 vols. London, 1887.

Lavisse (E.), and Rambaud (A.), (Editors), Histoire Géneralé, vol. xi. Paris, 1899.
Leger (L.), La Save, le Danube, et le Balkan. Paris, 1884.

Mackenzie (A. Muir), Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey in Europe. 3rd edition. 2 vols. London, 1887.

Mallat (J,), La Serbie Contemporaine. 2 vols. Paris, 1902.

Mijatovitch (Elodie Lawton), The History of Modern Serbia. 8. London, 1872. Serbian Folk-Lore. (Translated from the Serbian.) London, 1899.

Milichevich (M. G ), The Principality of Servia. (In Servian.) Belgrade, 1876.
Milichevich (M. G.), The Kingdom of Servia. (In Servian.) Belgrade, 1884.

Miller (W.), The Balkans. In "Story of the Nations Series. 8. London, 1896.Travels and Politics in the Near East. London, 1898.

Millet (René), La Serbie économique et commerciale. Paris, 1889.

Minchin (J. G. C.), The Growth of Freedom in the Balkan Peninsula. London, 1886. Otadgbina (the Fatherland). Servian Monthly Periodical. Edited by Dr. Vladan Georgevich since 1875.

Pearson (Miss E. M.) and McLaughlin (Miss L. E.), Service in Servia under the Red Cross. London, 1877.

Ranke (L. von), The History of Servia and the Servian Revolution. London, 1853, translated by Mrs. Alex. L. Kerr. Die serbische Revolution. Berlin, 1878.

Reinach (J.), La Serbie et le Monténégro. Paris, 1876.

Right (Dr. Alfred), Adventures in Servia. London, 1884.

Salusbury (Philip H. B.), Two months with Tchernajeff in Servia. London, 1877.

Seignobos (C.), Histoire politique de l'Europe contemporaine. Paris, 1897. [Eng. Trans. London, 1901.]

Taillandier (Saint-René), La Serbie au XIXe siècle. Paris, 1872.

Tuma (A.), Serbien. Hannover, 1894.

Vivian (H.), Servia, the Poor Man's Paradise. London, 1897.-The Servian Tragedy. London, 1904.

Yovanovich (Vladimir), Les Serbes, &c. Paris, 1870.