Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Siam.

Foreign Office Reports on the Trade of Bangkok and of Chiengmai. London.

Annual Series.

Trade of Siam with Great Britain in 'Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions.' Annual. London. Ünited States Consular Reports for 1901. Washington.

Alabaster (Henry), The Wheel of the Law. 8. London, 1871.

Bastian (Adolf), Die Völker von östlichen Asien: Studien und Reisen. 6 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1866-1871.

Bastian (Adolf), Geographische und Ethnologische Bilder. 8. Jena, 1873.

Bock (Carl), Temples and Elephants. 1 vol. 8. London, 1884.

Bowring (John), The Kingdom and People of Siam. 2 vols. 8. London, 1857.
Campbell (J. G. D.), Siam in the XXth Century.

London, 1902.

Carter (A. C.), The Kingdom of Siam. New York and London, 1904.

Clifford (H.), Further India. London, 1904.

Colquhoun (A. R.), Among the Shans. London, 1885.

Crawford, Journal of an Embassy to Siam and Cochin-China. 2 vols. 8. 2nd edition.

1830.

Doudart de Lagrée, Voyage d'exploration dans l'Indo-Chine. 2 vols. 4. Paris, 1873.
Gréhan (A.), Le royaume de Siam. 8. Paris, 1868.

La Loubère, Description du royaume de Siam. 12. Paris and Amsterdam, 1691.
Lemire (Ch.), La France et le Siam (1662-1903). Paris, 1903.

Macgregor (J.), Through the Buffer State. 8. London, 1896.

McCarthy (J.), Surveying and Exploring in Siam. London, 1900.

Mouhot (Henry), Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (Siam), Cambodia and Laos during the years 1858-1860. 2 vols. 8. London, 1864.

Orleans (Prince Henri d'), Une Excursion en Indo-Chine. Paris, 1892. Around Tonkin and Siam. London, 1894.

Pallegoix (D. J.), Description du royaume de Thai ou Siam. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1854. Reclus (Elisée), Nouvelle géographie universelle. Vol. VIII. L'Inde et l'Indo-Chine. Paris, 1883.

Satow (E. M.), Essay towards a Bibliography of Siam. Singapore, 1886.
Smyth (H. W.), Journeys on the Upper Mekong. London, 1895.

Journeys in S.-W.

Siam. Geographical Journal. Vol. VI.-Five Years in Siam. 2 vols. London, 1898. Sommerville (M.), Siam on the Meinam. London, 1897.

Thomson (John), The Straits of Malacca, Indo-China, and China, or Ten Years' Travels,

Adventures, and Residence Abroad. 8. London, 1875.

Vincent (Frank), The Land of the White Elephant. New York, 1900.

Young (E.), The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe. London, 1898.

Younghusband (G. J.), Eighteen Hundred Miles in a Burmese Tat, through Burmah, Siam, and the Eastern Shan States. S. London.

SPAIN.

(ESPAÑA.)

Reigning Sovereign and Queen Regent.

Alfonso XIII., son of the late King Alfonso XII. and Maria Christina, daughter of the late Karl Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria; born after his father's death, May 17, 1886, succeeding by his birth, being a male, his eldest sister.

Maria Christina, mother of the King, was Regent during the minority of her son. The regency ceased May 17, 1902.

Sisters of the King.-I. Maria-de-las-Mercedes, Queen till the birth of her brother, born September 11, 1880; married February 14, 1901, to Prince Carlos of Bourbon, son of the Count of Caserta; died October 17, 1904, offspring, Alfonso, born November 30, 1901; Fernando Maria Alfonso, born February 28, 1903; Isabel, born October 16, 1904. II. Maria Teresa, born November 12, 1882.

Aunts of the King. --I. Infanta Isabel, born December 20, 1851; married, May 13, 1868, to Gaetan, Count de Girgenti; widow, November 26, 1871. II. Infanta Maria-de-la-Paz, born June 23, 1862; married, April 3, 1883, to Prince Ludwig, eldest son of the late Prince Adalbert of Bavaria. III. Infanta Eulalia, born February 12, 1864; married to Prince Antoine, son of Prince Antoine d'Orléans, Duc de Montpensier, March 6, 1886; the marriage was dissolved July, 1900. (All sisters of the late King.)

Parents of the late King.-Queen Isabel, born October 10, 1830; the eldest daughter of King Fernando VII.; ascended the throne at the death of her father, September 29, 1833; assumed the government on being declared of age, November 8, 1843; exiled September 30, 1868; abdicated in favour of her son, June 25, 1870; died April 10, 1904. Married, October 10, 1846, to her cousin Infante Francisco, born May 13, 1822, died April 16, 1902.

Cousin of the late King.

Infante Don Carlos Maria-de-los-Dolores, born March 30, 1848, son of Prince Juan, and grandson of the Infante Don Carlos, nephew of King Fernando VII. Married (1) February 4, 1867, to Princess Marguerite of Bourbon, died January 29, 1893, daughter of Duke Carlos III. of Parma; (2) April 28, 1894, to Marie Berthe, Princess de Rohan. Offspring of the first union are four daughters and a son, Prince Jaime, born June 27, 1870.

The King, Alfonso XIII., has a civil list, fixed by the Cortes, 1886, of 7,000,000 pesetas, or 280,000l., exclusive of allowances to members of the royal family; the Queen Regent having the administration and usufruct of the said sum until the King becomes of age. The annual grant to the Queen, as mother to the King, was fixed by the Cortes, in 1886, at 250,000 pesetas. The immediate successor was assigned 500,000 pesetas, and 250,000 to the second sister, they having been Princesses of Asturias. The parents of the late King, ex-Queen Isabel and her husband, have an allowance of 1,050,000 pesetas, or 42,000l.; and the four Infantas, his sisters, of 800,000 pesetas, or 32,000. The total amount of the civil list and allowances to the relatives of the late King was fixed by the Cortes in 1876 at 10,000,000 pesetas, of 400,000l.; now it is 9,500,000 pesetas, or 380,000Z.

The following is a list of the sovereigns and sovereign rulers of Spain, with

dates of their accession, since the foundation of the Spanish Monarchy by the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile :

The present Constitution of Spain, drawn up by the Government and laid before a Cortes Constituventes, elected for its ratification, March 27, 1876, was proclaimed June 30, 1876. It consists of 89 articles or clauses. The first of them enacts that Spain shall be a constitutional monarchy, the executive resting in the King, and the power to make laws 'in the Cortes with the King.' The Cortes are composed of a Senate and Congress, equal in authority. There are three classes of senators-first, senators by their own right, or Senadores de derecho propio; secondly, 100 life senators nominated by the Crown-these two categories not to exceed 180; and thirdly, 180 senators, elected by the Corporations of State-that is, the communal and provincial states, the church, the universities, academies, &c.—and by the largest payers of contributions. Senators in their own right are the sons, if any, of the King and of the immediate heir to the throne, who have attained their majority; Grandees who are so in their own right and who can prove an annual renta of 60,000 pesetas, or 2,4007.; captain-generals of the army; admirals of the navy; the patriarch of the Indias and the archbishops; the presidents of the Council of State, of the Supreme Tribunal, of the Tribunal of Cuentas del Reino, and of the Supreme Council of War and of the Navy, after two years of office. The elective senators must be renewed by one-half every five years, and by

totality every time the Monarch dissolves that part of the Cortes. The Congress is formed by deputies named in the electoral Juntas in the form the law determines,' in the proportion of one to every 50,000 souls of the population. According to the law of June 26, 1890, the electoral qualification is held by all male Spaniards, 25 years of age, who enjoy full civil rights, and have been citizens of a municipality for at least two years. Members of Congress must be 25 years of age; they are re-eligible indefinitely, the elections being for 5 years. Deputies, to the number of 10, are admitted who, although not elected for any one district, have obtained a cumulative vote of more than 10,000 in several districts. Deputies to the number of 88 are elected by scrutin de liste in 26 large districts, in which minorities may be duly represented. There are in all 431 deputies. The deputies cannot take State office, pensions, and salaries; but the ministers are exempted from this law. Both Congress and Senate meet every year. The Monarch has the power of convoking them, suspending them, or dissolving them; but in the latter case a new Cortes must sit within three months. The Monarch appoints the president and vice-presidents of the Senate from members of the Senate only; the Congress elects its own Officials. The Monarch and each of the legislative chambers can take the initiative in the laws. The Congress has the right of impeaching the ministers before the Senate.

The Constitution of June 30, 1876, further enacts that the Monarch is inviolable, but his ministers are responsible, and that all his decrees must be countersigned by one of them. The Cortes must approve his marriage before he can contract it, and the King cannot marry any one excluded by law from the succession to the crown. Should the lines of the legitimate descendants of the late Alphonso XII. become extinct, the succession shall be in this order-first, to his sisters; next to his aunt and her legitimate descendants; and next to those of his uncles, the brothers of Fernando VII., 'unless they have been excluded.' If all the lines become extinct, the nation will elect its Monarch.'

6

The executive is vested, under the Monarch, in a Council of Ministers, constituted (January 27, 1905) as follows:

President of the Council.-Señor Villaverde.

Minister of Foreign Affairs.-Señor Villa Urrutia.

Minister of Justice.-Señor Ugarte.

Minister of Finance.-Señor Garcia Alix.

Minister of the Interior.-Señor Besada.

Minister of War.-General Martinegui.

Minister of Marine.-Señor Cobian.

Minister of Agriculture and Commerce and of Public Works.-Marquis Vadillo.

Minister of Education.-Señor Lacierva.

II. LOCAL GOVERNMENT.

The various provinces and communes of Spain are governed by the provincial and municipal laws. Every commune has its own elected Ayuntamiento, consisting of from five to thirty-nine Regidores, or Concejales, and presided over by the Alcalde, at whose side stand, in the larger towns, several Tenientes Alcaldes. The entire municipal government, with power of taxation, is vested in the Ayuntamientos. Half the members are elected every two years, and they appoint the Alcalde, the executive functionary, from their own body. In the larger towns he may be appointed by the King. Members cannot be re-elected until after two years. Each province of Spain has its own Parliament, the Diputacion Provincial, the members of which are elected by the constituencies. The Diputaciones Provinciales meet in annual session, and are permanently represented by the Comission Provincial, a committee elected every year. The Constitution of 1876 secures to the Diputaciones Provinciales and the Ayuntamientos the government and administration of the respective provinces and communes. Neither the national executive nor the Cortes have the right to interfere in the established municipal and provincial administration, except in the case of the action of the Diputaciones Provinciales and Ayuntamientos going beyond the locally limited sphere to the injury of general and permanent interests. In the Basque provinces self-government has been almost abolished since the last civil war, and they are ruled as the rest of Spain. Notwithstanding the provisions of the Constitution, pressure is too frequently brought to bear upon the local elections by the Central Government.

Area and Population.

Continental Spain has an area of 190,050 square miles, but including the Balearic and Canary Islands and the Spanish possessions on the north and west coast of Africa, the total area is 194,783 square miles. The growth of the population of this aggregate area since 1857 is shown in the following table, which gives the number actually present at each census, the numerical increase, and the intercensal rate of increase per cent. per annum :—

The following table gives the area and population of each of the forty-nine provinces into which the Kingdom is divided, according to the census of 1900: