Shipping and Navigation. The merchant navy of the Kingdom contained in 1902, 498 steamers of 459,793 tons net, and 602 sailing vessels of 100,889 tons net. The shipping entered and cleared at Spanish ports in two years was as follows: : Of the vessels entered in 1903, 10,438 of 7,237,268 tons, and of those cleared 9,050 of 7,344,512 tons, were Spanish. Internal Communications. The length of railways in Spain in 1904 was 8,520 English miles open for traffic. In 1901, 33,386,258 passengers and 1,798,440 tons of goods were carried on the railways, and the receipts amounted to 265,366,301 pesetas. The whole of the Spanish railways belong to private companies, but nearly all have obtained guarantees or subventions from the Government. A scheme for a system of secondary railways 3,125 miles in length, has been sanctioned by the Government. The Post Office carried in 1902, in the inland service, 136,399,000 letters and post-cards, and 195,899,000 printed papers and samples; in the international service, 36, 476,000 letters and post-cards, and 42,027,000 printed papers and samples. There were 3,287 post-offices. The length of lines of telegraphs in Spain in 1902 was 21,030 English miles; and the length of wire 51,240 English miles. In the year 1902 the number of inland messages was 3,296,334; international, 1,237,354; official, 159,758; total, 4,693,446. The number of telegraph offices was 1,588. In 1902 there were 61 urban telephone systems and 15 interurban circuits; the total number of telephone stations was 14,448; the total length of telephone line 7,130 miles, and of wire 31,510 miles. Money and Credit. The note circulation of the Bank of Spain must not exceed 2,000,000,000 pesetas. By law of May 13, 1902, the note issue up to 1,200,000,000 pesetas must be guaranteed by a metallic reserve of one-third (half of which must be in gold); of issue in excess of this amount up to 1,500,000,000 pesetas, at least 40 per cent. must be guaranteed in gold and 60 per cent. of the remainder in silver; and of the excess over 1,500,000,000 up to 2,000,000,000 pesetas, at least 50 per cent. must be guaranteed in gold, and 70 per cent. of the remainder in silver. Gaceta de Madrid. Lista oficial de los buques de guerra y mercantes de la marina Española. Madrid. Movimiento de la poblacion de España. Annual. Madrid. Situacion de los ferro-carriles. Annual. Madrid. Presupuestos generales del estado para el año económico 1900-01. Madrid, 1900. Resena geográfica y estadística de España por la Direccion General del Instituto Geográfico y Estadistico. Madrid, 1888. Foreign Office Reports, Annual Series and Miscellaneous Series. London. Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions. Imp. 4. London. Alcover (José). La Industria Nacional. 8. Madrid, 1888. Amicis (E. de), Spain and the Spaniards. Translated from the Italian. New York, 1885. Baedeker's Spain and Portugal. London, 1898. Barrio y Mier (M.), Historia del Derecho espanol, 2 tom. Madrid, 1894. Bates (Katharine Lee), Spanish Highways and Byways. London, 1900. Black's Guide to Spain and Portugal. London. Blond (Mrs. A. le), Cities and Sights of Spain. London, 1904. Borrow (G.), The Bible in Spain. London.-The Zincali: an Account of the Gypsies of Spain. London, 1901. Brown (A. S.), Madeira and the Canary Islands. 8. London, 1894. Burke (M. R.), History of Spain. 2nd ed. 2 vols. London, 1900. Casabo y Pagés (P.), La Espana judia. Barcelona, 1891. Corporation of Foreign Bondholders. Annual Report of Council. London, 1899. Delbose (R. F.), Bibliographie des Voyages en Espagne et en Portugal. [From Revue hispanique for March, July, November, 1896.] Paris, 1896. Elliot (Frances), Diary of an Idle Woman in Spain. 2 vols. 8. London, 1884. España sus Monumentos y Artes, su Naturaleza e Historia. [A series of 21 volumes by various writers.] 8. Barcelona. 1884-91. Gadow (H.), In Northern Spain. London, 1897. Gallenga (A), Iberian Reminiscences. 2 vols. 8. London, 1883. Hare (A. J. C.), Wanderings in Spain. 8th ed. London, 1904. Hay (J.), Castilian Days. New ed. London, 1897. Hume (M. A. S.), Spain, its Greatness and Decay. Modern Spain, 1788-1898. London, 1899. Cambridge, 1897.-History of Israels (J.). Spain: Story of a Journey [from the Dutch]. London, 1899. Jacobs (J.), Inquiry into the Sources of the History of the Jews in Spain. London, 1894. Lavigne (Germond de), L'Espagne et le Portugal. 8. Paris, 1893. L'Espagne, Politique, Litterature, Armée, &c. Numero special de la Nouvelle Revue Internationale. 4° ed. Paris, 1900. Luffman (C. B.), A Vagabond in Spain. 8. London, 1895. Main (E.), Sights and Cities of Spain. London, 1899. Salamanca, 1893. Muro Martinez (J.), Constituciones de España. 2 vols. Madrid, 1881. Murray's Handbook for Spain By R. Ford. 9th edition, 2 vols. London, 1898. O'Shea (H.), Guide to Spain and Portugal. London, 1895. Plummer (Mary W.), Contemporary Spain. London, 1899. Polin (D. José Lopez), Diccionario estadístico municipal de España. 4. Madrid, 1863. Poole (S. Lane), The Moors in Spain. In the Story of the Nations Series. 8. London, 1886 Reclus (Elisée), Géographie universelle. Vol. I. Paris, 1879. Reparaz (G.), Espana en Africa. Madrid, 1891. Riano (J. F.), The Industrial Arts in Spain. 8. London. Root (W. J.), Spain and its Colonies. London, 1898. Routier (G.), L'Espagne en 1897. Paris, 1897. Salvani (J. T.), España á fines del siglo xix. Madrid, 1891. Seignobos (C.), Historie politique de l'Europe contemporaine. Paris, 1897. [Eng. Trans. 2 vols. London, 1901.] Stoddard (C. A.), Spanish Cities. London, 1892. Toro (F. Perez del) España en el Noroeste de Africa, S. Madrid, 1892 Vuillier (G.), Les Lies Oubliées. [Travel in the Balearic Isles, &c.] Paris, 1893. Trans. London, 1896. Eng. Williams (L.), The Land of the Dons. London, 1902. Willkomm (Heinrich Moritz), Das pyrenäische Halbinselland. 8. Leipzig, 1886. Wilson (H. W.), The Downfall of Spain: Naval History of the Spanish American War. London, 1899. Wood (C. W.), Letters from Majorca. 8. London.-The Romance of Spain. 1900.-Glories of Spain. London, 1901. London Colonies. By the relinquishment of Cuba and the cession of Porto Rico, the Philippine and Sulu Islands, and Guam, the largest of the Ladrone Islands, to the United States in 1898, and of the remaining Ladrone or Marianne Islands, together with the Caroline and Pelew Islands, to Germany by treaty of February 8, 1899, the colonial possessions of Spain were reduced to an area of about 80,000 square miles. For administrative purposes the Canary Islands are considered part of Spain. Rio de Oro and Adrar, stretching southwards along the Sahara coast from the south-western frontier of Morocco, are under the governorship of the Canary Islands, with a sub-governor resident at Rio de Oro. According to the Franco-Spanish convention, promulgated March 29, 1901, the southern boundary of the Rio de Oro and Adrar territory traverses the middle of the Cape Blanco promontory, and then runs eastwards along the parallel of 21° 20' N. lat. till it meets the meridian of 14° W. of Greenwich, whence, turning sharply to the N. W., and afterwards bending to the N. E., it meets the Tropic of Cancer at 13° W. of Greenwich, and thereafter runs due north to about the latitude of Cape Bojador. The Spanish territory of the Rio Muni on the Gulf of Guinea, extends from the Muni to the Campo river and the German Kamerun, its eastern boundary being on the meridian of 11° 20′ E. of Greenwich. The Franco-Spanish frontier was settled by treaty of June 29, 1900. The coast region is low and marshy and contains vast forests. The vegetation is luxuriant and at places along the coast there are Spanish, French and English factories. But there are no harbours and the rivers are all inaccessible to vessels. The population comprises about 300 Europeans. There are Catholic and American Presbyterian missions at work among the natives. Spain has given to France the right of preemption in case of the sale of any of these African colonies or the adjacent islands. The revenues of all the Spanish possessions amount to 137,420 pesetas, and their expenditure to 2,137,420 pesetas, leaving 2,000,000 pesetas to be provided by the Spanish Government. Books of Reference concerning Spain and Colonies. Anuario oficial de correos y telégrafos de España. Madrid. Anuario de primera enseñanza. Madrid. Boletin mensual de estadística demográfico-sanitaria de la península é islas adjacentes. Censo de la poblacion en España. 1900. Madrid, 1902. Estadística general de comercio exterior de España, con sus provincias de ultramar y potencias extrangeras; formada por la Direccion General de Aduanas. Annual. 4. Madrid. Estado genera de la armada para el año. Annual. Madrid. Estadistica de le administration de justicia en lo criminal durante. Annual. Madrid, Estadística mineral de España. Annual. Madrid. Gaceta de Madrid. Lista oficial de los buques de guerra y mercantes de la marina Española. Madrid. Movimiento de la poblacion de España. Annual. Madrid. Situacion de los ferro-carriles. Annual. Madrid. Presupuestos generales del estado para el año económico 1900-01. Madrid, 1900. Resena geográfica y estadística de España por la Direccion General del Instituto Geográfico y Estadístico. Madrid, 1888. Foreign Office Reports, Annual Series and Miscellaneous Series. London. Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions. Imp. 4. London. Alcover (José). La Industria Nacional. 8. Madrid, 1888. Amicis (E. de), Spain and the Spaniards. Translated from the Italian. New York, 1885. Baedeker's Spain and Portugal. London, 1898. Barrio y Mier (M.), Historia del Derecho espanol, 2 tom. Madrid, 1894. Bates (Katharine Lee), Spanish Highways and Byways. London, 1900. Black's Guide to Spain and Portugal. London. Blond (Mrs. A. le), Cities and Sights of Spain. London, 1904. Borrow (G.), The Bible in Spain. London. The Zincali: an Account of the Gypsies of Spain. London, 1901. Brown (A. S.), Madeira and the Canary Islands. 8. London, 1894. Burke (M. R.), History of Spain. 2nd ed. 2 vols. London, 1900. Casabo y Pages (P.), La Espana judia. Barcelona, 1891. Corporation of Foreign Bondholders. Annual Report of Council. London, 1899. Delbose (R. F.), Bibliographie des Voyages en Espagne et en Portugal. [From Revue hispanique for March, July, November, 1896.] Paris, 1896. Elliot (Frances), Diary of an Idle Woman in Spain. 2 vols. 8. London, 1884. España sus Monumentos y Artes, su Naturaleza e Historia. [A series of 21 volumes by various writers.] 8. Barcelona. 1884-91. Gadow (H.), In Northern Spain. London, 1897. Gallenga (A), Iberian Reminiscences. 2 vols. 8. London, 1883. Hare (A. J. C.), Wanderings in Spain. 8th ed. London, 1904. Hay (J.), Castilian Days. New ed. London, 1897. Hume (M. A. S.), Spain, its Greatness and Decay. Modern Spain, 1788-1898. London, 1899. Cambridge, 1897.-History of Israels (J.). Spain: Story of a Journey [from the Dutch]. London, 1899. Jacobs (J.), Inquiry into the Sources of the History of the Jews in Spain. London, 1894. Lavigne (Germond de), L'Espagne et le Portugal. 8. Paris, 1893. L'Espagne, Politique, Litterature, Armée, &c. Numero special de la Nouvelle Revue Internationale. 4o ed. Paris, 1900. Luffman (C. B.), A Vagabond in Spain. 8. London, 1895. Main (E.), Sights and Cities of Spain. London, 1899. Salamanca, 1893. Muro Martinez (J.), Constituciones de España. 2 vols. Madrid, 1881. Murray's Handbook for Spain By R. Ford. 9th edition, 2 vols. London, 1898. Noyes (H. E.), Church Reform in Spain and Portugal, 1868-96. London, 1897. O'Shea (H.), Guide to Spain and Portugal. London, 1895. Plummer (Mary W.), Contemporary Spain. London, 1899. Polin (D. José Lopez), Diccionario estadístico municipal de España. 4. Madrid, 1863. Poole (S. Lane), The Moors in Spain. In the Story of the Nations Series. 8. London, 1886 Reclus (Elisée), Géographie universelle. Vol. I. Paris, 1879. Reparaz (G.), Espana en Africa. Madrid, 1891. Routier (G.), L'Espagne en 1897. Paris, 1897. Salvani (J. T.), España á fines del siglo xix. Madrid, 1891. Seignobos (C.), Historie politique de l'Europe contemporaine. Paris, 1897. [Eng. Trans. 2 vols. London, 1901.] Toro (F. Perez del) España en el Noroeste de Africa, 8. Madrid, 1892 Stoddard (C. A.), Spanish Cities. London, 1892. Vuillier (G.), Les Lies Oubliées. [Travel in the Balearic Isles, &c.] Paris, 1893. Trans. London, 1896. Eng. Williams (L.), The Land of the Dons. London, 1902. Willkomm (Heinrich Moritz), Das pyrenäische Halbinselland. 8. Leipzig, 1886. Wilson (H. W.), The Downfall of Spain: Naval History of the Spanish American War. London, 1899. Wood (C. W.), Letters from Majorca. 8. London. The Romance of Spain. 1900.-Glories of Spain. London, 1901. London SWEDEN AND NORWAY. (SVERIGE OCH NORGE.) Reigning King. Oscar II., born January 21, 1829; the third son of King Oscar I., and of Queen Josephine, daughter of Prince Eugene of Leuchtenberg. Succeeded to the throne at the death of his brother, King Carl XV., Sept. 18, 1872. Married June 6, 1857, to Queen Sophia, born July 9, 1836, daughter of the late Duke Wilhelm of Nassau. Children of the King. I. Prince Gustaf, Crown Prince, Duke of Wermland, born June 16, 1858. Married Sept. 20, 1881, to Princess Victoria, born Aug. 7, 1862, daughter of the Grand Duke of Baden. Issue, Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Scania, born Nov. 11, 1882; Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland, born June 17, 1884; and Prince Eric, Duke of Västmanland, born April 20, 1889. II. Prince Oscar Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg, born Nov. 15, 1859. Renounced his succession to the throne and married March 15, 1888, Ebba Munck of Fulkila, born Oct. 24, 1858. III. Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland, born Feb. 27, 1861. Married August 27, 1897, to Princess Ingeborg, born Aug. 2, 1878, daughter of the Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark. Issue, Princess Margaretha, born June 25, 1899; and Princess Märtha, born March 28, 1901. IV. Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke, born Aug. 1, 1865. He King Oscar II. is the fourth sovereign of the House of Ponte Corvo, and grandson of Marshal Bernadotte, Prince de Ponte Corvo, who was elected heir-apparent of the crown of Sweden by the Parliament of the Kingdom, Aug. 21, 1810, and ascended the throne Feb. 5, 1818, under the name of Carl XIV. Johan. was succeeded at his death, March 8, 1844, by his only son Oscar. The latter died July 8, 1859, and was succeeded by his eldest son Carl XV., at whose premature death, without male children, the crown fell to his next surviving brother, the present King. The royal family of Sweden and Norway have a civil list of 1,321,000 kronor, or 72,742l., from Sweden, and 487,612 kronor, or 26,8501., from Norway. The sovereign, besides, has an annuity |