Male Female Male Female arried 1,566,868 1,566,668 Led 838,999 847,252 e following table shows the leading occupations of the people in 1900, ng the families and dependents of those directly employed : ulture, &c.: Timber works 150,065 ded and farin proprietors 1,179,669 Various manufactures 740,152 ners, overseers, &c. 275,148 Trade and locomotion 414,143 nters, &c. 352,205 Officials and military 196,967 fters, cottagers, &c. 495,655 Learning and literature. 49,258 ry-keepers 18,329 Medicine, &c. 26,058 -deners 19,107 Owners, pensioners, &c. 339,601 ries 33,944 Mechanics, servants, &c. 462,480 ng and metal works. 319,683 Various 63,977 II. MOVEMENT OF THE POPULATION. 1. Births, Deaths, and Marriages. Total living Deaths ar Births Of which Stillborn Marriages exclusive of Surplus of Stillborn Deaths 98 136,523 15,641 30,900 3,693 75,949 60,574 99 133,882 14,994 3,545 31,710 89,678 44,204 00 138,139 15,759 3,578 31,478 86,146 51,993 01 139,370 16,385 31,278 3,628 82,772 56,598 021 136,579 30,852 79,539 57,040 031 133,473 30,016 78,480 54,993 2. Emigration. Total r To America Year To America grants Emigrants grants Emigrants -6 7.807 19,551 14,874 1901 7,621 24,616 16,209 20,306 7,861 14,559 10,109 19021 6,775 36,968 7,974 13,663 8,534 19031 7,621 39,496 8,196 16,876 11,842 66789 1 The figures for 1902 and 1903 are provisional. In 1871 the town population Religion. The mass of the population adhere to the Lutheran Protestant Church, recognised as the State religion. There are 13 bishoprics, and 2,576 parishes in 1904. At the census of 1890, the number of Evangelical Lutherans was returned at 4,735,218, the Protestant Dissenters, Baptists, Methodists, and others numbering 44,378, including 23,307 unbaptized children. Of other creeds, there were 1,390 Roman Catholics, 46 Greek-Catholics, 313 Irvingites, 3,402 Jews, and 234 Mormons. No civil disabilities attach to those not of the national religion. The clergy are chiefly supported from the parishes and the proceeds of the Church lands. Instruction. The Kingdom has two universities, at Upsala and Lund, the former frequented by 1,496 and the latter by 667 students in the spring of 1904. There are also a state faculty of medicine in Stockholm (263 students) and private philosophical faculties in Stockholm and Göteborg. Education is well advanced in Sweden. In 1903 there were 82 public high schools, with 19,501 pupils; 31 people's high schools, 1,634 pupils; 14 normal schools for elementary school teachers, 1,396 pupils ; 2 high and 6 elementary technical schools, about 2,900 pupils; 10 navigation schools, 641 pupils ; besides institutions and schools for deaf mutes and the blind; medical schools, military schools, veterinary and other special schools. Public elementary instruction is gratuitous and compulsory, and children not attending schools under the supervision of the Government must furnish proofs of having been privately educated. In 1902 there were 12,263 elementary schools, with 17,438 teachers and 747,608 pupils. In 1902 the expenditure on elementary education was 24,033,270 kronor, of which about one-fourth came from the national funds. Among the recruits (Beväring) of 1900 only 0.08 per cent. were unlettered, only 0.25 per cent. unable to write. Justice and Crime. The administration of justice is entirely independent of the Government. Two functionaries, the Justitie-Kansler, or Chancellor of Justice, and the Justitie-Ombudsman, or Attorney-General, exercise a control over the administration. The former, appointed by the King, acts also as a counsel for the Crown; while the latter, who is appointed by the Diet, has to extend a general supervision over all the courts of law. The Kingdom, which possesses one Supreme Court of Judicature, is divided (beginning of 1904) into 3 high court districts and 211 district courts divisions, of which 91 are urban districts and 120 country districts. In town these district courts (or courts of first instance) are held by the burgomaster and his assessors; in the country by a judge and 12 jurorspeasant proprietors-the judge alone deciding, unless the jurors unanimously liffer from him, when their decision prevails. In Sweden trial by jury only exists for affairs of the press. In 1902, 2,457 men and 240 women were sentenced for serious crimes; at che end of 1902, there were 1,512 hard-labour prisoners. Pauperism. Each commune is bound to assist children under 15 years of age, if their circumstances require it, and all who from age or disease are unable to support hemselves. In other cases the communal poor board decides what course to ake. Each commune and each town (which may be divided) constitutes a Door district, and in each is a board of public assistance. In 1902 these istricts possessed workhouses and similar establishments to the number of ,853, capable of lodging 53,693 people. The number of paupers assisted in 1860 was 132,982; in 1880, 219,532; in 1900, 235,163, of whom 77,358 were in the towns; in 1901, 233,974, of whom 78,946 were in the towns; in 1902, 235,994, of whom 79,437 were in the towns. Finance. The budgets of revenue and expenditure for the years 1904 and 1905 were as follows (18·16 kronor = £):- Of the extraordinary expenditure in 1905 the army claims 13,098,914 kronor, the navy 8,535,810 kronor, the interior 5,644,685 kronor, education and ecclesiastical affairs 1,593,371 kronor, agriculture 2,250,000 kronor, pensions 1,556,910 kronor. The value of the land and house property of Sweden is The expenditure for the Church is chiefly defrayed by the parishes and out of the revenue of landed estates belonging to the Church, and the amounts do not appear in the budget estimates. A part of the cost for maintaining the army Indelta also does not appear in the budget. The expenses for public instruction are in great part defrayed by the parishes. On January 1, 1904, the public liabilities of the Kingdom, contracted entirely for railways, were as follows : : Funded railway loan of 1880 with 31 interest Kronor 91,693,800 The debt All the loans are paid off gradually by means of sinking funds. amounts to about 31. 13s. per head of the population, and the interest to about 2s. 7d.; but as the railway receipts amount to about the whole interest, the charge per head is nominal. The income of the communes in 1901 was 96,835,336 kronor, and the expenditure 112,161,446 kronor. Their assets amounted to 432,245,309 kronor, and their debts to 273,529,532 kronor. The revenue of the provincial representative bodies was 5,911,986 kronor, and expenditure 5,966,360 kronor; their assets 18,999,014 kronor, and debts 6,343,528 kronor. Defence. The chief fortifications of Sweden are, on the coast, Karlskrona with Kungsholmen and Västra Hästholmen, Stockholm with Vaxholm-Oscar-Fredriksborg and Göteborg; in the interior, Karlsborg, near Lake Vǎtter. The Swedish army is, during 1902-1907, composed of three distinct classes of troops. They are :— 1. The Värfvade, or enlisted troops, to which belong the royal lifeguards (two infantry and one cavalry regiments), seven regiments of infantry (of these, however, four regiments contain Indelta troops), four regiments of cavalry, the artillery, the engineers, and the train. The Värfvade are in service two or three years. 2. The Indelta, consisting of 19 regiments of infantry, and 3 regiments of cavalry. The privates of cavalry (Indeita) are paid and kept by the Landowners. Every soldier of the Indelta has, as a rule, besides a small annual pay, his torp. or cottage, with a piece of ground attached, which remains his own during the whole period of service, sometimes extending to thirty years, but he may instead take money payment. There is about 200 days' training in two years for recruits in the infantry and 400 days' in two years in the cavalry, after which they are annually called out for 22 or 23 days' practice. 3. The Värnpligtige, or conscription troops, drawn by annual levy from the male population between the ages of 21 and 40 years, of which the first 12 classes are called Beväring, the 8 others Landstorm. The right of purchasing substitutes, which formerly existed, was abolished by the Diet in 1872. The Värnpligtige are divided among the Värfvade and the Indelta troops, and are mobilised with these. The Beväring undergoes in the infantry, in some of the artillery and engineers, and in the train, 180 days training in the second, and 30 days in the third and fourth years; in the other forces in all 365 days, of which 281 are for recruits and 42 days' practice in the second and third years. During the years 1902-1907 the periods of exercise are a little shorter. The Landstorm is in time of war formed in separate troops. Beväring of first year, about 29,000 men; of the 12 years, about 250,000. Landstorm of the years, about 200,000. 8 The total peace strength of the armed forces of Sweden (exclusive of the Värnpligtige), according to the re-organization carried out in 1901, consists of about: The Swedish navy is maintained wholly for coast defence. In September 1892, a committee appointed to consider the subject recommended a con. siderable increase in the floating strength. |