2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN SWEDEN AND NORWAY. Envoy and Minister.—Hon. Sir J. Rennell Rodd, K.C.M.G., C.V.O., C.B. Secretary. Attaché.-E. Ovey. Consul at Stockholm.-Alexander Stewart MacGregor. Consul-General at Christiania.-Viscount Melville. There are also Consular representatives at Gothenburg, Christiansand, Bergen, Tromsö, Trondhjem, Hammerfest, Vardö, &c. References concerning Sweden and Norway. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Bidrag till Sveriges officiella statistik: A. Befolknings-statistik. B. Rättsväsendet C. Bergshandtering. D. Fabriker och handtverk. E. Sjöfart. F. Handel. G. Fångvården. H. K. Majestäts befallningshafvandes femårsberättelser. I. Telegrafväsendet. K. Hälso- och sjukvården. L. Statens järnvägstrafik. M. Postverket. N. Jordbruk och boskapsskötsel. O. Landtm teriet. P. Undervisningsväsendet. Q. Statens domäner. R. Valstatistik. S. Allmänna ir) eten. T. Lots- och fyrinrättningen samt lifräddningsanstalterna å rikets kuster. U. Kommunernas fattigvård och finanser. V. Brännvins tillverkning och försäljning samt hvitbetssockertillverkningen. X. Aflönings- och pensionsstatistik. Y Sparbanksstatistik. 4. Stockholm, 1857-1904. Norges officielle Statistik: Arbeidslönninger; Bergværksdrift; Den almindelige Brandforsikringsindretning; Civilretsstatistik; Distriktsfæn, sler; Fabrikanlæg; Fagskolestatistik; Faste Eiendomme; Fattigstatistik; Femaarsberetninger om Amternes ökonomiske Tilstand; Fiskerier; Folkemængdens Bevægelse, Folketælling; Handel; De offentlige Jernbaner; Jordbrug; Kommunale Finantser; Kriminalstatistik; Kriminel Retspleie; Livs og Dödstabeller [ Sundhedstilstanden og Medicinalforholdene; Postvæsen; Private Aktiebanker: Rekruteringsstatistik; Rigstelegraf; Sindssygeasylerne; Skibsfart; Skifte. væsen; Skolevæsen; Socialstatistik; Sparebanker; Spedalske; Statskassens Finantser; Strafarbeidsanstalter; Valgstatistik; Veterinærvæsen. 4. Fra 1881-8. Kristiania, 1861Sveriges statskalender för år 1904. Utgifven efter Kungl. Majestäts nådigste förordnande af dess Vetenskaps-Akademi. 8. Stockholm, 1903. 1904. Sveriges officiella statistik i sammandrag, 1904. Stockholm, 1904. La Suède, son Peuple et son Industrie. Exposé Historique et Statistique, Publié par ordre du Gouvernement, rédigé par G. Sundbärg. 8. Stockholm, 1900. Sweden, its People and its Industry. Historical and Statistical Handbook, published by order of the Government. Edited by G. Sundbärg. 8. Stockholm, 1904.-Statistisk Aarbog for Kongeriget Norge. (Annuaire statistique de la Norvège.) 32 de Aargang, Udgivet af det Statistiske Centralbureau. Kristiania, 1903. 1903. Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1904. Efter offentlig Foranstaltning redigeret af N. R. Bull. 8. Kristiania, 1903. Statistisk tidskrift, utgifven af Kungl. Statistiska Central-Byrån. Stockholm, 1862-1904. Oversigt over Kongeriget Norges civile, geistlige og judicielle Inddeling. Udgiven af det Statistiske Centralbureau. 8. Kristiania, 1902. Meddelelser fra det Statistiske Centralbureau. I.-XXI. 8. Kristiania, 1883-1904. Noges Land og Folk. I. Smaalenenes Amt. II. Akershus Amt. IV. Hedemarkens Amt. VI. Buskeruds Amt. VIII. Bratsberg Amt. IX. Nederes. X. Lister og Mandal. XI. Stavanger Amt. XII. Söndre Bergenhus Amt. XIV. Nordre Bergenhus Amt. XVI. Söndre Trondhjems Amt. XIX. Tromsö Amt. Kristiania, 1885-1904. Norway: Official Publication for the Paris Exhibition. Kristiania, 1900. Reports on Sweden and Norway Foreign Office Reports, Annual Series. London. Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions. Imp. 4. London. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Baedeker's Norway, Sweden and Denmark. 8th ed. London, 1903. ,, Bain (R. N.), Gustavus III. and his Contemporaries. 2 vols. London, 1894. Charles XII. and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire in "Heroes of the Nations series. London, 1895.-Scandinavia: A Political History of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (1515-1900). Cambridge, 1905. London, 1900. Bennett (T.), Handbook for Travellers in Norway. 8. Christiania, 1896. Dubois (M.) et Guy (C.), Album Géographique t. III. Paris, 1899. Du Chaillu (P. B.), The Land of the Midnight Sun. 2 vols. London, 1881. The Land of the Long Night. London, 1900. Dyring (Joh.), Kongeriget Norge, dets Geografi, Samfundsindretninger og Næringsveie, Tredie Udgave. 8. Porsgrund, 1904. Geijer (E. G.) and Carlson (F. F.), Geschichte Schwedens. Hamburg und Gotha, 1832-8. Guide, the Swedish Touring Club's, to Sweden. 8. London, 1898. Höjer (M.), Konungariket Sverige, en topografisk-statistisk beskrifning med historiska anmärkningar. 8. Stockholm, 1875-83. 8. Hyne (C. J. C.), Through Arctic Lapland. London, 1898. Keary (C. F.), Norway and the Norwegians. 8. London, 1892. Kennedy (E. B.), Thirty Seasons in Scandinavia. London, 1903. Kier (A. N.), Indtægts og formuesforhold i Norge. 8. Kristiania, 1892-1893. Lee (J. A.), Peaks and Pines. London, 1899. Löfström (S. A.), Sweden, Statistics. (World's Columbian Exposition 1893, Chicago). Stockholm, 1893. Montelius (O.), Hildebrand (H.), and others, Sveriges Historia från äldsta Tid till våra Dagar. Stockholm, 1877-81. Murray's Handbook for Norway. 9th ed. London, 1897. Nielsen (Dr. Yngvar), Reisehaandbog over Norge. Tiende Oplag. Kristiania, 1903. Nielsen (Dr. Yngvar), Handbook for Travellers in Norway. With Maps. Kristiania, 1899. Nordenström (G.), L'Industrie Minière de la Suède en 1897. Stockholm, 1897. Otté (E. C.), Scandinavian History. 8. London. Overland (O. A.), Illustreret Norges Historie. Kristiania, 1885-95. Rosenberg (C. M.), Geografiskt-Statistikt Handlexicon öfver Sverige. 1882-83. Rydfors (A.), Konung Oskar II. och Sveriges Folk. Stockholm, 1897. Stockholm, Schefer (Chr.), Les Etats Scandinaves de 1815 à 1847; de 1848 à 1870; de 1870 à nos jours. Vols. X., XI., and XII. of Histoire Generale. Paris, 1898-99. Sedgwick (C. S.), The Story of Norway. London, 1885. Seignobos, Histoire politique de l'Europe contemporaine. Paris, 1897. Spender (A. E.), Two Winters in Norway. London, 1902. Thomas (W.), Sweden and the Swedes. Chicago and New York. London, 1898. Willson (T. B.), Guide to Norway. 4th ed. London, 1899.-History of the Church and State in Norway. London, 1903. Wood (C. W.), Norwegian Byways. London, 1903. SWITZERLAND. Constitution and Government. I. CENTRAL. ON August 1, 1291, the men of Uri, Schwyz, and Lower Unterwalden, entered into a defensive League. In 1353 the League included eight cantons, and in 1513, thirteen. Various associated and protected territories were acquired, but no addition was made to the number of cantons forming the League till 1798. In that year, under the influence of France, the Helvetic Republic was formed, with a regular constitution. This failed to satisfy the cantons, and in 1803 Napoleon, in the Act of Mediation, gave a new constitution and increased the number of cantons to nineteen. In 1815, the perpetual neutrality of Switzerland and the inviolability of her territory were guaranteed by Austria, Great Britain, Portugal, Prussia, and Russia, and the Federal Pact which had been drawn up at Zurich, and which included three new cantons, was accepted by the Congress of Vienna. The Pact remained in force till 1848, when a new constitution, prepared without foreign interference, was accepted by general consent. This, in turn, was, on May 29, 1874, superseded by the constitution which is now in force. The constitution of the Swiss Confederation may be revised either in the ordinary forms of Federal legislation, with compulsory referendum, or by direct popular vote, a majority both of the citizens voting and of the cantons being required, and the latter method may be adopted on the demand (called the popular initiative) of 50,000 citizens with the right to vote. The Federal Government is supreme in matters of peace, war, and treaties; it regulates the army, the postal and telegraph system, the coining of money, the issue and repayment of bank notes, and the weights and measures of the Republic. Tt provides for the revenue in general, and especially decides on the import and export duties in accordance with principles embodied in the constitution. It legislates in matters of civil capacity, copyright, bankruptcy, patents, sanitary police in dangerous epidemics, and it may create and subsidise, besides the Polytechnic School at Zurich, a Federal University and other higher educational institutions. There has also been entrusted to it the authority to decide concerning public works for the whole or great part of Switzerland, such as those relating to rivers, forests, and the construction of railways. The supreme legislation and executive authority are vested in a parliament of two chambers, a Ständerath,' or State Number of Canton : Appenzell-Exterior and St. Gallen (St. Gall) Number of Graubünden (Grisons) 5 Aargau (Argovie). 10 Thurgau (Thurgovie) Ticino (Tessin) Vaud (Waadt). 14 Valais (Wallis) 6 Neuchâtel (Neuenburg) 6 Genève (Genf) . 7 th be F the re is presen eight cant vote of the n quently acted Bundesrath, elected for three of this council ma tion or cantons, n only through this e introduced in the d present at, and take Every citizen who has for becoming a membe The President of the Co President for 1905.-M. Ru Each of the cantons and demi-cant II. LOCAL G far as its independence and legislative pow Constitution; each has its local governm most instances, but all based on the prind people. In a few of the smallest cantons, direct, without the intervention of any pa citizens of full age assembling together in making laws and appointing their administrator Landsgemeinden, exist in Appenzell, Glarus, larger cantons, there is a body chosen by unive Rath, which exercises all the functions of the Cantonal constitutions, however, except that cantons which have a Landsgemeinde, the r principle is most fully developed in Zurich, wh agreements with other cantons, and the chief m Terision of the constitution, must be submitted t A general election of representatives takes place by ballot every three years. Every citizen of the Republic who has entered on his twenty-first year is entitled to a vote; and any voter, not a clergyman, may be elected a deputy. At the election of October 29, 1899, the number of electors for 147 representatives was 738,287, of whom 401,781 voted, and the number of valid votes recorded was 369,662. Both chambers united are called the Bundes-Versammlung,' or Federal Assembly, and as such represent the supreme Government of the Republic. The first step towards legislative action may be taken by means of 6 the popular initiative, and laws passed by the Federal Assembly may be vetoed by the popular voice. Whenever a petition demanding the revision or annulment of a measure passed by the Legislature is presented by 30,000 citizens, or the alteration is demanded by eight cantons, the law in question must be submitted to the direct vote of the nation. This principle, called the referendum, is frequently acted on. The chief executive authority is deputed to a Bundesrath,' or Federal Council, consisting of seven members, elected for three years by the Federal Assembly. The members of this council must not hold any other office in the Confederation or cantons, nor engage in any calling or business. It is only through this executive body that legislative measures are introduced in the deliberative councils, and its members are present at, and take part in their proceedings, but do not vote. Every citizen who has a vote for the National Council is eligible for becoming a member of the executive. The President of the Confederation and the Vice-President of the Federal Council are the first magistrates of the Confederation. Both are elected by the Federal Assembly in joint session of the National and State councils for the term of one year, January 1 to December 31, and are not re-eligible to the same offices till after the expiration of another year. The Vice-President, however, may be and usually is, elected to succeed the out-going President. President for 1905.-M. Ruchet of Vaud. Vice-President of the Federal Council.-M. Forrer of Zurich. The seven members of the Federal Council-each of whom has a salary of 480. per annum, while the President has 5407.-act as ministers, or chiefs of the seven administrative departments of the Republic. These departments are -1. Foreign Affairs. 2. Interior. 3. Justice and Police. 4. Military. 5. Finance and Customs. 6. Agriculture and Industry. 7. Posts and Railways. The city of Bern is the seat of the Federal Council and the central administrative authorities. II. LOCAL GOVERNMENT. Each of the cantons and demi-cantons of Switzerland is 'souverain,' so far as its independence and legislative powers are not restricted by the federal constitution; each has its local government, different in its organisation in most instances, but all based on the principle of absolute sovereignty of the people. In a few of the smallest cantons, the people exercise their powers direct, without the intervention of any parliamentary machinery, all male citizens of full age assembling together in the open air, at stated periods, making laws and appointing their administrators. Such assemblies, known as the Landsgemeinden, exist in Appenzell, Glarus, Unterwald, an 1 Uri. In all the larger cantons, there is a body chosen by universal suffrage, called der Grosse Rath, which exercises all the functions of the Landsgemeinden. In all the cantonal constitutions, however, except that of Freiburg and those of the cantons which have a Landsgemeinde, the referendum has a place. This principle is most fully developed in Zurich, where all laws and concordats, or agreements with other cantons, and the chief matters of finance, as well as all revision of the constitution, must be submitted to the popular vote. In many of the cantons, the popular initiative has also been introduced. The members of the cantonal councils, as well as most of the magistrates, are either honorary servants of their fellow-citizens, or receive a merely nominal salary. |