In Switzerland, for the majority of imports, the values are fixed by a commission on Exports nominated by the Customs department. Up to 1891 a single value was fixed for each class of goods, but the Commission now takes into account the difference of prices in different countries of origin. For values of exports declarations are, in general, considered sufficient. Returns show the net weight, though the gross weight also is declared. It is sought to record as the country of origin the country of production, and as the country of destination that where the goods are to be consumed. When exact information is not available the most distant known points of transit are recorded. In accordance with this system, Swiss returns show, as far as can be ascertained, the trade between the Confederation and Great Britain, though, since direct commercial intercourse is impossible, the name of Switzerland does not occur in the trade returns of the United Kingdom. The treaty of 1855 provides for the most favoured nation treatment in respect of commerce, residence and other matters affecting Swiss and British interests. All imports are taxed at specific rates which, compared with the tariff rates of many countries, are moderate. The customs duties in 1902 amounted to 50,408,430 francs; in 1903, to 53,361,590 francs; in 1904, to 53,850,624 francs. The following table shows the distribution of the special trade of Switzerland (including bullion but not coin). Much of the trade with the frontier countries is really of the nature of transit trade : In 1903 the railways of Switzerland had a length of 2,816 miles, consisting of 1,470 miles of principal Swiss railway lines, 43 miles of foreign railways within Switzerland, and 1,303 miles of secondary railways and tramways. The cost of construction of the railways up to the end of 1902 was 1,474,053,919 francs. The receipts in 1902 amounted to 147,089,617 francs, and expenses to 89,976,683 francs. In 1902 there were carried 12,444,131 tons of goods, and 61,187,074 passengers. On February 20, 1898, it was finally decided that the railways should be acquired by the State, and, by the end of 1903, 1,510 miles of railway had been acquired by the Federal Government. For 1903 the receipts for Federal lines amounted to 111,162,317 francs, and working expenses to 72,843,405 francs. traffic on the Swiss waters in 1903 was carried on by 220 steam-boats belonging to 15 companies. The In 1903 there were in Switzerland 1,673 post-offices and 1,983 letterboxes; 3,852 higher functionaries, and 6,578 employés (letter carriers, &c.). By the internal service there were forwarded 108,919,913 letters, 53,540,917 post-cards, 40,374,823 packets of printed matter, 1,561,399 samples, 132,471,704 newspapers, and 3,724,482 parcels, &c. In the international service there were forwarded 21,065,207 letters, 19,240,080 post-cards, 9,996,050 packets of printed matter, 1,170,507 samples, and 1,506,217 parcels, &c. Internal post-office orders were sent to the amount of 710,575,592 francs, and international sent and received to the amount of 77,111,699 francs. Receipts, 1903, 40,767,700 francs; expenditure, 37,211,422 francs. Switzerland has a very complete system of telegraphs, consisting (1903) of 3,890 miles of line with 14,000 miles of wire belonging to the State; 922 miles of line with 8,703 miles of wire belonging to independent railways, and 744 miles of private line with 1,473 miles of wire total, 5,556 miles of line with 24,176 miles of wire. There were transmitted 1, 492,771 inland telegrams, 1,877,627 international, and 724,825 in transit through Switzerland. Number of offices, 2,150. There were 340 telephone systems with 9,518 miles of line and 139,440 miles of wire; conversations (1903), 31,107,520. The telegraph and telephone receipts in 1903 amounted to 9,705,689 francs; the expenditure to 10,886,082 francs. Money and Credit. From 1850 to 1903 the coins issued by the Swiss Confederation were of the nominal value of 134,875,000 francs, 87,000,000 francs being in 20-franc gold pieces, 10,630,000 francs in 5-franc silver pieces, and 28,000,000 francs in fractional silver pieces, while 8,350,000 francs were in nickel, and 895,000 francs were in copper coin. In 1903 the issue was of the nominal value of 134,875,000 francs, 87,000,000 francs being in 20-franc gold pieces, 10,630,000 francs in 5-franc pieces, 28,000,000 francs in fractional silver pieces, and 9,245,000 francs in nickel and bronze. There were in Switzerland on December 31, 1903, 36 banks with an aggregate paid-up capital of 204,275,000 francs. Their average note circulation amounted to 228,046,000 francs, while their average cash in hand amounted to 118,631,000 francs in 1903. Banks of issue are subject to Federal inspection; the notes of 22 banks (cantonal) are secured by the cantons; of 10 banks, by deposit of securities ; of 4 banks (of limited operation), by portfolio. Money, Weights, and Measures. The Franc, of 10 Batzen, and 100 Rappen or Centimes. = £1 sterling. The 20-franc piece is 900 fine, the 5-franc silver piece is 900 fine, the silver 2-franc, franc, and half-franc are 835 fine. Switzerland belongs to the Latin Monetary Union; but since Italy is exonerated from taking back its exported fractional coin in case of the dissolution of the Union, the importation into Switzerland of 2 franc, 1 franc, and franc pieces is prohibited by decree of February 21, 1899, on pain of confiscation. By a Convention of November 15, 1902, with the other States within the Union, Switzerland may coin, exceptionally, 12,000,000 francs in fractional silver pieces, but the issues must be spread over at least 6 years. The Centner, of 50 Kilogrammes and 100 Pfund The Quintal = 100 Kilogrammes = 220 lbs. avoirdupois. 8-9ths of an acre. 110 lbs. avoirdupois. The Arpent (Land) The Pfund, or pound, chief unit of weight, is legally divided into decimal Grammes, but the people generally prefer the use of the old halves and quarters, named Halbpfund, and Viertelpfund. Diplomatic and Consular Representatives. 1. OF SWITZERLAND IN GREAT BRITAIN. Envoy and Minister.-M. G. Carlin. Councillor.-M. F. de Salis. 2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN SWITZERLAND. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.-Sir W. Conyngham Greene, K. C. B., appointed May 1, 1901. Consul.-G. D. Muralt. Consul-General at Zurich; Consuls at Geneva, Lausanne, Zurich; ViceConsul at Lucerne and St. Moritz. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Switzerland. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Annuaire Statistique de la Suisse. Berne. Bibliographie der Schweizerischen Landeskunde. Bern. In progress. Feuille fédérale suisse. Bern. Foreign Office Reports. Annual Series and Miscellaneous Series. 8. London. Geschäftsberichte des Schweizerischen Bundesraths an die Bundesversammlung. Berne. 1897. Resultats du compte d'état de la Confédération suisse. Annual. Berne. Schweizerische Statistik. Herausgegeben vom Statistischen Bureau des Eidgenöss Departments des Innern. Annual. Bern. Statistique du commerce de la Suisse avec l'étranger. Berne. Annual. Statistisches Jahrbuch der Schweiz. Bern. Annual. Voranschlag der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft. Annual. Bern. The Armed Strength of Switzerland, by Colonel C. W. Bowdler Bell; issued by the Intelligence Division of the War Office. London, 1889. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Adams (Sir F. O.), and Cunningham (C. D.), The Swiss Confederation. Baedeker's Handbook for Switzerland. 20th edition. 8. Leipsic, 1903. 1889. Baker (Grenfell), The Model Republic: a History of the Rise and Progress of the Swiss People. London, 1895. Conway (Sir W. M.), The Alps from End to End. London, 1895. Conway (Sir W. M.) and Coolidge (W. A. B.), Climbers' Guides. London, 1892, &e. Coolidge and Ball (J.), Alpine Guide: the Western Alps. London, 1898. Coolidge (W. A. B.), Swiss Travel and Swiss Guide Books. 8. London, 1893.-Guide to Switzerland. London, 1901. Curti (E.), Geschichte der schweizerischen Volksgesetzgebung. 2nd ed. Zürich, 1885. Daendliker (Carl), Geschichte der Schweiz. 2 vols. Zürich, 1892. [Condensed Eng. Trans. by E. Salisbury. London, 1898.] Dawson (W. S.), Social Switzerland. London, 1897. Dent (C. T.), Mountaineering. 4. London, 1892. Deploige (S.), Le Referendum en Suisse. 8. Brussels, 1892. [Eng. Trans. London, 1898. Dubs (Jacob), Das oeffentliche Recht der schweizereien Eidgenossenschaft. 2 pts. 8 Zürich, 1878. Paris, 1899. Dubois (M.) and Guy (C.), Album Géographique. III. Bielefeld and Leipzig, 1902. Jay (Raoul), Etudes sur la question ouvrière en Suisse. 8. Paris, 1893. Knapp (C.) et Borel (M.), Dictionnaire geographique de la Suisse. [Published both in French and German.] Neuchatel, 1900. Lavisse (E.) et Ramband (A.), (Editors), Histoire Générale: La Suisse de 1815 à 1848; de 1848 à nos jours. Par Fr. de Crue. Vols. X, XI. Paris 1898 and 1899. MacCrackan (W. D.) The Rise of the Swiss Republic. 8. London, 1892. Murray's Handbook for Switzerland. 19th ed. 8. London, 1904. Read (Meredith), Historic Studies in Vaud, Berne, and Savoy. 2 vols. London, 1897. Reclus (Elisée), Nouvelle Geographie Universelle. Vol. III. 8. Paris, 1878. Reymond (H.), Etudes sur les Institutions civiles de la Suisse. 8. Geneva, 1885. Richman (I. B.), Appenzell: Pure Democracy and Pastoral Life in Inner-Rhoden. London, 1895. 8. Rilliet (Albert), Les Origines de la Confédération Suisse-Histoire et Légende. Geneva and Bâle, 1868. Histoire de la Restauration de la République de Genève. 8. Geneva, 1849. Salis (L. R. de), Le Droit Fédéral Suisse. 2nd ed. Berne, 1962. Seignobos, Histoire politique de l'Europe contemporaine. Paris, 1897. [Eng. Trans. 2 vols. London, 1900.] Seippel (P.) (Editor), La Suisse au XIXe siècle. 3 vols. Lausanne, 1898-1900. Stead (R.) and Hug (L.), Switzerland. In 'Story of the Nations' Series. 8. London, 1890. Story (A. T.), Swiss Life in Town and Country. London, 1902. Umlauft (F.), The Alps. Translated by L. Brough. 8. London, 1889. Vincent (J. M.), State and Federal Government in Switzerland. 8. Baltimore, 1891. Vulliemin (L.), Histoire de la Confédération Suisse. 2 vols. Lausanne, 1879. Whymper (E.), Scrambles amongst the Alps, 1860-69. London, 1893.-Chamounix and the Range of Mount Blanc. 6th ed. London, 1901.-Zermatt and the Matterhorn. 7th ed. London, 1903. Wirth (Max), Allgemeine Beschreibung und Statistik der Schweiz. Im Verein mit gegen 70 Schweizerischen Gelehrten und Staatsmännern herausgegeben. 3 vols. 8. Zürich, 1871-1875. TURKEY AND TRIBUTARY STATES. Abdul-Hamid II., (OTTOMAN EMPIRE.) Reigning Sultan. born September 22, 1842 (15 Shaban 1245), the second son of Sultan Abdul Medjid; succeeded to the throne on the deposition of his elder brother, Sultan Murad V., August 31, 1876. Children of the Sultan. I. Mehemmed-Selim Effendi, born January 11, 1870. II Zekić Sultana, born January 12, 1871; married April 20, 1889, to Nur-ed-din Pasha. III. Naïmé Sultana, born August 5, 1876; married March 17, 1898, to Mehemmed-Kemal-ed-din Pasha, divorced June, 1904. IV. Abdul-Kadir Effendi, born February 23, 1878. V. Mehemmed Burhan Ed-din Effendi, born December 19, 1885. VI. Shadieh Sultana, born 1886. VII. Ayisheh Sultana, born 1887. VIII. Refia Sultana. IX. Abdur-Rahim Effendi born 1892. X. Mehemmed-Bedr Effendi, born 1895. Brothers and Sisters of the Sultan. I. Djemilé Sultana, born August 18, 1843; married, June 3, 1858, to Mahmoud-Djelal-Eddin Pasha, son of Ahmet Feti Pasha; widow, 1892. II. Mehemmed-Reshad Effendi, born November 3, 1844; heir-apparent to the throne. III. Kemal-Eddin Effendi, born December 3, 1847. IV. Senihé Sultana, born November 21, 1851; widow of the late Mahmud Pasha, son of Halil Pasha. V. Medihé Sultana, born 1857; married (1) 1879, to Nedjib Pasha ; widow, 1885; (2) April 30, 1886, to Férid Pasha. VI. Suleiman Effendi, born 1860. VII. Wahid-Uddin Effendi, born January 12, 1861. The present sovereign of Turkey is the thirty-fourth, in male descent, of the house of Othman, the founder of the empire, and |